Our Safety Blogs

Hazardous Waste Training: Who Needs It?There are various types of hazardous wastes that people are exposed to daily. Workers involved in hazardous waste operations are at greater risk of exposure to adverse health effects than others. These health impacts can vary from mild, short-term illnesses to more severe, long-term health impacts such as eye and skin irritations, allergies, respiratory illnesses, and some forms of cancers. With over 44,000 people employed as hazardous materials removal workers in the United States as of May 2021 (BLS), the risk of occupational diseases arising due to handling hazardous waste and removal of other types of hazardous materials is very high. Considering the growing number of people working with hazardous waste every day, regulatory bodies have developed and implemented stringent standards and frameworks to protect the safety and health of hazardous waste workers. One such authority is the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, known as OSHA. OSHA, whose focus is to safeguard employees’ health, has developed safety standards and regulations across industries and types of work. The HAZWOPER (Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response) Standards for the Construction Industry and the General Industry is one such standard that must be adhered to by employers and employees. Another is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), a framework that regulates the safe work practices of hazardous solid waste generators. The RCRA is a law that is implemented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In 2024, the EPA proposed a significant update to the RCRA by adding nine per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to the list of hazardous constituents. This move underscores growing concerns over emerging contaminants and aims to enhance environmental protections and improve hazardous waste handling standards under the RCRA framework. The somewhat diverse objectives of these two regulatory agencies can sometimes lead to confusion as to who needs hazardous waste training and the frequency of such training programs. A basis that all employers of hazardous materials removal and hazardous waste operations can follow is to protect employees exposed to hazardous waste, either in liquid, gaseous, or solid form. This can be done by following the requirements as explained in the OSHA HAZWOPER standards for various worksite control measures. This would involve utilizing proper engineering and administrative controls aligned to the principles of the Hierarchy of Controls at the worksite to protect hazardous waste workers while they carry out their work tasks. Furthermore, employers must provide hazardous waste workers with appropriate online training, on-the-job training, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Fulfilling HAZWOPER and RCRA Training NeedsTo comply with training requirements, guidance can be obtained from the relevant OSHA regulatory standards or the RCRA program. The HAZWOPER standards have segregated training according to different levels of worker exposure to hazardous waste, namely, HAZWOPER (e) training, HAZWOPER (p) training, and HAZWOPER (q) training.State-Specific Training Requirements While federal regulations such as OSHA and RCRA set the baseline for safety compliance, many states have adopted more stringent standards. For example, California, New York, and Washington often implement regulations that go beyond federal mandates, requiring additional or more frequent training. To remain fully compliant, employers must ensure their safety programs align with federal and state-level requirements. Partnering with knowledgeable training providers like Triumvirate Environmental or Safety Compliance Training can help businesses navigate these variations effectively.Hazardous Waste Training RequirementsFor detailed information about HAZWOPER read the article:What is HAZWOPER and What is its Purpose?It, therefore, becomes obvious that hazardous waste workers require suitable and comprehensive training on the safe handling and management of hazardous waste, irrespective of its form (solid hazardous waste, liquid hazardous waste, or hazardous waste gasses). Accordingly, both OSHA and the EPA’s RCRA Program have developed training and education requirements for hazardous waste workers, including the need for initial training as well as annual refresher training.Enroll in our OSHA 24-Hour HAZWOPER – RCRA TSD Operations Training CourseEnroll in our OSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER Annual Refresher – RCRA TSD Operations Training CourseEnroll in our RCRA Hazardous Waste Generator Training CourseEnroll in our RCRA Hazardous Waste Generator Refresher Training CourseWho Needs RCRA Training?According to the RCRA, all workers involved in generating, storing, treating, and disposing of hazardous waste must be provided with training by the employer. These hazardous waste workers include personnel employed by large quantity generators (LQG), small quantity generators (SQG), and very small quantity generators (VSQG); as defined by the RCRA program.To better understand the waste generator categories as designated by the EPA’s RCRA Program, read the article:EPA Hazardous Waste Generator CategoriesTherefore, employees whose job responsibilities include all or any one of the following tasks must be provided with RCRA annual training by their employers.Personnel who identify and calculate hazardous waste.Employees engaged in bundling and collecting hazardous waste.Workers involved in marking, labeling, inspecting, handling, or moving hazardous waste containers.Personnel managing hazardous materials (hazmat) waste in satellite areas.Workers operating a waste-generating process.Anyone who reads and applies RCRA regulations at the workplace or worksite.Who Needs OSHA-HAZWOPER Training?OSHA’s HAZWOPER standards apply to employees who are exposed to and could possibly be exposed to hazardous substances and hazardous waste. The HAZWOPER standards divide these employers and their employees into five (5) distinct groups as follows.Employers and employees involved in clean-up operations conducted at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites required by a federal, state, or local governmental body.Employers and employees engaged in corrective actions involving clean-up operations at sites covered by the RCRA.Personnel undertaking voluntary clean-up tasks at sites recognized by federal, state, local, or other governmental bodies as uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.Personnel engaged in operations involving hazardous wastes that are conducted at treatment, storage, and disposal facilities regulated by Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 264 and 265 under RCRA, or by agencies under agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement RCRA regulations.  Emergency response operations for releases of, or substantial threats of releases of, hazardous substances regardless of the location of the hazard.These operations are specified as per OSHA HAZWOPER standards 1910.120(a)(1)(i-v) and 1926.65(a)(1)(i-v).(Source: OSHA, n.d.)Enroll in ourOSHA 40-Hour HAZWOPER – 29 CFR 1910.120 (e) Training CourseEnroll in ourOSHA 24-Hour HAZWOPER – 29 CFR 1910.120 (e) Training CourseEnroll in ourOSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER Refresher – 29 CFR 1910.120 (e) Training CourseEnroll in ourOSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER Supervisor Training Course Enroll in ourOSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER Supervisor Refresher Training CourseHow Often Do Hazardous Waste Workers Need RCRA and HAZWOPER Training?Both the EPA’s RCRA Program and OSHA’s HAZWOPER standards require employers to provide mandatory annual online or classroom-style training to their employees. Employees must be trained before they start work at hazardous waste sites or in hazardous waste operations. As per the RCRA rules (40 CFR 262.17(a)(7)), employers classified as large quantity generators (LQGs) must provide mandatory annual training to their employees working in hazardous waste facilities, also known as treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDF). Alternately, the EPA’s RCRA Program does not mandate annual training for hazardous waste workers employed by small quantity generators (SQGs). However, the RCRA rule requires hazardous waste workers to be "thoroughly familiar" with RCRA regulatory requirements. Thus, as a best practice, it is recommended that employees of SQGs also be given annual RCRA training.According to OSHA’s HAZWOPER standards (1910.120(a)(1)(i-v) and 1926.65(a)(1)(i-v)), employees require annual training when involved in work operations at hazardous waste TSD facilities. Thus, employers must provide either the RCRA Training or the HAZWOPER RCRA TSDF training, as relevant, to employees before they start work, and annually thereafter. The RCRA and HAZWOPER RCRA TSD annual refresher training must be completed before the expiration date of the previous training completion certificate.What Should be the Duration of the RCRA and HAZWOPER Training?The OSHA HAZWOPER standards specify the duration of training. Thus, all HAZWOPER training courses identify the training time in hours. For example, 40-Hour HAZWOPER training, 24-Hour HAZWOPER training, and 8-Hour HAZWOPER refresher training. The EPA does not specify the duration of training for its RCRA Program. The requirement is to ensure employees get adequate training to safely conduct their job tasks without adversely impacting their health and well-being while working with hazardous waste. The employer is responsible for identifying the appropriate training duration for each employee based on business operations and an individual’s job tasks. Such training must comply with mandated training requirements as per RCRA regulations. Hazardous Waste Workers: Training Course FAQsWho Needs RCRA Hazardous Waste Initial and Annual Training?Employees engaged in hazardous waste operations involving the generations, storage, treatment, and/or disposal of hazardous waste must be provided with training by the employer.Who needs the OSHA HAZWOPER 24-Hour RCRA TSDF Training Course?The OSHA HAZWOPER 24-Hour RCRA TSDF training course is required for all newly recruited personnel at RCRA permitted hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDF) due to their continued exposure to hazmat and other health hazards. Examples of such personnel include supervisors, workers, and environmental professionals.Current employees of RCRA permitted hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities who do not meet the training requirements as specified by OSHA, also must receive this 24-hour training. Who needs the OSHA HAZWOPER 8-Hour RCRA TSDF Refresher Training Course?Hazardous waste workers employed by TSDFs require 8 hours of refresher training annually, as per OSHA HAZWOPER standards.Who needs the OSHA HAZWOPER Supervisor Training Course?OSHA standards require all managers and supervisors who supervise or are directly responsible for employees at a hazardous waste site and seeking Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) certification to complete at least eight hours of specialized training. Generally, OSHA expects a general hazardous waste site worker who is becoming a supervisor or manager for the first time to receive at least 16 hours of training the year they become a supervisor: 8 hours of the HAZWOPER supervisory training plus 8 hours of the HAZWOPER refresher training.Who needs the OSHA HAZWOPER Supervisor Refresher Training Course?Managers and supervisors seeking to refresh their initial OSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER Supervisor Training Certification in compliance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120(e)(8) and OSHA 29 CFR 1926.65(e)(8) regulations must enroll in this training course. Who needs the OSHA HAZWOPER 40-Hour Training Course?General site workers engaged in hazardous material removal or other activities that could expose or potentially expose them to hazardous substances.Who needs the OSHA HAZWOPER 24-Hour Training Course?General site workers who encounter hazardous substances occasionally and those not involved in hazardous waste clean-up operations.Who needs the OSHA HAZWOPER 8-Hour Refresher Training Course?General site workers who work at hazardous waste sites, continually or occasionally, and those workers are involved in hazardous waste clean-up operations. Employees need to annually renew the initial 40-Hour or 24-Hour HAZWOPER training certificate to ensure their training meets OSHA compliance requirements.ReferenceOSHA. (n.d.). Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). Website. https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/hazardous-waste-operations/faq-hazpowerU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2021, May). Occupational Employment and Wages Statistics, May 2021. 47-4041 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers. Website. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474041.htm#(1)

How to Safely Transport Hazardous Materials and Goods 6 best practices for the safe shipping of hazardous materials explained Shipping hazardous materials (hazmat) and other dangerous goods is a daily activity. For instance, oil, petroleum, compressed gasses, explosives, radioactive material, flammable substances, corrosives, and lithium batteries are shipped from one place to another to fulfill their end purpose. As such, it is essential that personnel involved in the transportation and shipping process, be it moving the hazmat from the plant to the warehouse; or tasked with packaging or marking and labeling the dangerous goods, be aware of the risks and the best practices in handling these hazmat packages. Often, many shippers and carriers embark on shipping hazardous materials locally in the United States and internationally without giving adequate attention to the rules and regulations governing hazmat shipments. For instance, in the United States, the Department of Transportation’s Hazardous Materials Regulations (DOT HMR) regulates the shipping of hazardous materials. Similarly, other countries and regions have different national regulatory bodies to oversee the safe transportation and shipping of hazardous materials and dangerous goods by highway, rail, air, and water.  Statistics recorded by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) state that 7,039 incidents occurred with damages amounting to over $36 million during the shipping of hazardous materials in 2021 (2022). According to the PHSMA, in 2022 (as of 22nd September 2022), 3,712 hazmat incidents during transit have been recorded, incurring damages over $38 million (2022). Many of these incidents occur when shipping hazardous materials by highway (PHSMA, 2022). Hazardous Materials incidents that occur during the transportation of hazmat can have far-reaching consequences for shippers and carriers, the public, and the ecosystem. Importance of Shipping Hazardous Materials as per Regulations There are several reasons why businesses and employers must comply with regulations related to shipping hazardous materials and other dangerous goods. One of the most significant is to ensure the safety and security of the personnel involved in the shipping process. Likewise, businesses shipping hazardous materials must also consider the safety and protection of the public and their property. The safe transportation of hazmat is also important from the perspective of safeguarding the environment. Consider the detrimental impact of oil spills on marine life, the environment, and even people. Additionally, if hazardous materials are not appropriately packaged and labeled, in case of an accident or other emergency, the public and those involved in emergency operations would be at greater risk of exposure to poisonous gases or other toxic substances.  Vehicle drivers and emergency responders transporting hazardous materials have a higher possibility of exposure to health risks if something goes wrong while shipping hazardous materials. Aside from the impact on human health and well-being, non-compliance with regulations related to shipping hazardous materials can increase the business risks of shippers and carriers. In case a hazmat incident occurs, they will be liable for worker compensation, damages, and other penalties levied by regulatory authorities. Such adverse hazmat incidents also lead to loss of reputation, increased customer concerns, and employees who feel less safe at the workplace.  Workers exposed to hazardous materials have a higher risk of suffering from adverse health effects due to increased exposure to radiological, biological, and chemical hazards. Let’s discuss some key points that would contribute to reducing the risks related to the shipping of hazardous materials while increasing the ability of shippers and carriers to safely transport hazardous materials and other dangerous goods. #1. Understand which materials and goods are classified as Hazardous Materials and Dangerous Goods There are different laws and regulations when shipping hazardous materials. These vary from country to country, by type of hazardous material being shipped, and the type of transportation being used – highway, rail, aircraft, or vessel.  In the U.S., the DOT governs the transportation of hazardous materials through its Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 49 – Transportation, Parts 100-185. Implementation of these regulations is handled by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). The CFR 49 also encompasses specific regulatory requirements by other bodies such as the U.S. Coastguard, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSR), and the Federal Railroad Administration, to name a few. Additionally, air transportation of hazmat must adhere to the International Air Transport Association (IATA)’s Dangerous Goods Regulations, and the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code must be consulted to meet the requirements of shipping hazardous materials by vessel.  Hazardous materials are classified under nine (9) hazard classes by the DOT. They are: Class 1: Explosives Class 2: Gases Class 3: Flammable Liquid and Combustible Liquid Class 4: Flammable Solid, Spontaneously Combustible, and Dangerous When Wet  Class 5: Oxidizer and Organic Peroxide  Class 6: Poison (Toxic) and Poison Inhalation Hazard Class 7: Radioactive Class 8: Corrosive Class 9: Miscellaneous Thus, all shippers, carriers, and their employees must understand the minute details of hazardous materials regulations, how different regulatory bodies classify hazardous materials, and the specifics of the different types of hazardous materials. Remember, something as simple as the quantity of a specific hazardous material could classify it as either a hazardous material or a non-hazardous material. Our 10-Hour DOT Advanced General Awareness Training course is an ideal learning tool for employers and employees involved in shipping hazardous materials and dangerous goods. #2. Use Packaging as Specified in Regulations For hazardous materials containers to remain leak-proof or spill-proof during transportation, shippers and carriers must ensure both inner and outer packaging of the hazardous materials meet the packaging requirements as stated in the DOT regulations, IATA DGR, and IMDG Code. These guidelines include the type of packaging used, the thickness of packaging materials, the types of closures to be used, and even the number of packages inside the outer packaging. Often, the DOT HMR recommends UN-specified packaging materials, and manufacturers and shippers must follow these guidelines. If regulations require other types of packaging, then this must be complied with as relevant.   By following packaging regulations, shippers are safeguarding hazardous materials from spills, leaks, or damage that can lead to a hazmat incident. For a detailed understanding of DOT packaging requirements for shipping hazardous materials, enroll in our 2-Hour DOT Function-Specific Packaging Training course. #3. Ensure the Hazmat Package is Properly Marked and Labeled Using packaging as per regulations is not enough. Once the hazardous materials are packaged for transportation, these hazmat packages must then be labeled and marked as per the requirements explained in the HMR. The marking and labeling requirements are specific and can vary depending on the mode of transportation being used.  Employees involved in the shipping of hazardous materials must understand the meanings of these labels and marking to ensure the safe transportation of hazardous materials and goods via highway, rail, air, or water. Our 2-Hour DOT Function-Specific Markings Training and our 2-Hour DOT Function-Specific Labeling Training courses give information that is specific to these two job functions.  #4. Placarding of Transportation Vehicles When shipping hazardous materials by highway or rail, the DOT requires appropriate placards to be fixed to tanks, trucks, freight containers, other vehicles, rail cars, and tank cars. When shipping hazardous materials by air, aircraft unit load devices must also be placarded. Placarding helps to clearly announce the presence of hazardous materials. Placarding directs handlers and transporters to easily identify the primary and subsidiary hazards of the hazardous materials being shipped, thereby ensuring suitable precautions are taken when working in and around these vehicles or during an emergency. Hence, employees involved in the hazmat transportation process should ensure that vehicles carrying hazardous materials are correctly placarded. Our 2-Hour DOT Function-Specific Placarding Training course provides general and carrier-specific information for placarding when shipping hazardous materials. #5. Communicate the Importance of Safe Shipping of Hazmat to Employees Apart from ensuring meeting the regulatory requirements, employers must communicate to employees the importance of safely shipping hazardous materials. Employees must understand the risks to themselves, their colleagues, the public, their property, and the environment. Employees must comprehend the importance of correctly handling hazardous materials. They must understand that DOT HMR training is necessary for maintaining workplace safety. Employers should know that in addition to any online or classroom training given to employees on the DOT Hazmat Regulations, regular awareness programs and other in-house practical training will improve safety practices and enhance the workplace safety culture. Moreover, the transportation of lithium batteries is rising due to their increased usage in many devices. Therefore, shippers and carriers must provide specific training to employees on shipping lithium batteries as regulated by the DOT HMR, IATA DGR, and the IMDG Code to ensure they understand the hazards they face as part of their jobs and the ways to minimize them.  Furthermore, vehicle drivers and their assistants operating vehicles carrying hazardous materials must be given training not only on the DOT HMR, IATA DGR, and the IMDG Code requirements but also on safe driving principles and ways to avoid security risks. Today, smartphone usage has made communication with personnel in vehicles transporting hazardous materials more accessible and real-time. #6. Ensure Safety and Security during Transportation  Today, safety and security are a grave concern when shipping hazardous materials. Ensuring hazardous materials are not hijacked while in transit for use in nefarious purposes has increasing become a concern for shippers and carriers. To reduce such risks, technology, such as GPS, can be used to track hazmat shipments and ensure their safety during transportation. Personnel responsible for driving vehicles carrying hazmat should be aware of these risks and trained on implementing processes and procedures in emergencies.  The DOT also explains the best safety and security practices while shipping hazardous materials. Our 2-Hour DOT Function-Specific Security Awareness Training course provides relevant information.  Reference: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). (2022). Yearly Incident Summary Report. Website. https://portal.phmsa.dot.gov/PDMPublicReport/?url=https://portal.phmsa.dot.gov/analytics/saw.dll?Portalpages&PortalPath=%2Fshared%2FPublic%20Website%20Pages%2F_portal%2FYearly%20Incident%20Summary%20Reports

Hazmat Training in Compliance with U.S. Department of Transportation’s Hazardous Materials Regulations Hazardous materials shippers, carriers, transporters, packaging manufacturers, and drivers are aware that many rules and regulations must be followed when transporting hazmat and other dangerous chemicals. The Department of Transportation (DOT) has issued a Code of Federal Regulations (Title 49 – Transportation, 49 CFR) which govern the transportation of hazardous materials (hazmat) detailed under the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR). This set of regulations applies to all individuals involved in the transportation value chain and governs interstate, intrastate, and international hazmat transportation. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) oversees the implementation of the U.S. DOT’s HMR; and supports and advances the safe transportation of hazardous materials via highway and road, air, rail, and water (vessel). What are the Hazardous Materials Regulations? The Hazardous Materials Regulations often referred to as the “HMR”, are a set of rules and regulations that explicitly convey the requirements when handling, storing, packaging, labeling, and marking hazardous goods for transportation. The HMR also provides detailed guidance on general placarding requirements for cargo tankers, cargo carriers, vehicles, freight containers, rail cars, and aircraft unit load devices, among others. The special placarding requirements for highway and rail transportation are also detailed in the HMR. Additionally, the HMR also has a dedicated section for safety and security requirements to be implemented during the transportation of hazardous materials.  In the 49 – Transportation CFR, the HMR is divided into Parts 100-185. These HMR parts govern the transportation of hazardous materials across all modes of transportation, that is, highway, rail, air, and water. All individuals involved in the preparation of hazardous materials for transport and the transportation of hazmat must have a basic understanding of the HMR, and be able to implement the necessary processes that adhere to the stated requirements of the HMR.  A point to note: The HMR is not just a useful tool, but a critical success factor in safeguarding employees, the community, and the environment from hazmat disasters. The HMR is divided into four main categories: Hazardous materials identification and classification. Hazard communication – this entails the requirements for the preparation of shipping papers, as well as the marking and labeling of hazmat packages, and the placarding of hazmat transport vehicles to communicate the hazards of the materials being transported to emergency responders and those who handle hazardous materials routinely. Packaging requirements. Operational rules. What is the Hazardous Materials Table? The Hazardous Materials Table (HMT) is an integral part of the HMR, containing the information needed to ensure compliance with the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Hazardous Materials Regulations. The HMT lists all the hazardous materials for the purposes of transportation. The HMT divided into 10 columns, provides detailed guidance on the use of the proper shipping name and description of the hazmat to be transported, as well as the hazard class, packaging requirements, marking and labeling requirements, placarding needs, special provisions, quantity limitations aboard passenger and cargo aircraft, and vessel stowage requirements for each identified hazardous material or chemical.  Here's an example of lithium batteries as identified in the Hazardous Materials Table. To better understand how the HMT is organized and its requirements, our 2-Hour Function-Specific DOT Hazardous Materials Table Training course will provide adequate information to the learner.  Safety Training in Compliance with the DOT Hazardous Materials Regulations The above brief explanation of the HMR and the HMT should give the reader a general idea that following and complying with the rules and regulations related to the transportation of hazardous materials by highway, rail, air, and water can be a daunting task. However, having a good understanding of the HMR will minimize the risks involved with the transportation of hazardous materials.  To support employers to safeguard their employees, the public, and the environment during all hazmat transportation-related activities, we have prepared and presented a comprehensive 10-Hour Advance General Awareness Training program that is fully narrated and can be taken online using your iPhone®, iPad®, MacBook®, laptop, PC, or any other Android device.  We offer group discounts on our online training courses.For details call us (866) 429 6742 As our training courses are designed and developed by OSHA Certified Outreach Trainers, they are guaranteed to meet the Federal OSHA and Federal Regulations of the DOT. As such, our DOT Hazmat Transportation Series and our Shipping Lithium Batteries Series are fully compliant with the requirements of the United States Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR; 49 CFR Parts 171-180). Additionally, our Shipping Lithium Batteries training course, meet the compliance requirements of the IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR, Section 1.5), and IMDG Code (Section 1.3.1). If you prefer to train your employees at your workplace as a team, we provide in-person on-site with an experienced trainer as well as instructor-led virtual training programs. For details call us (866) 429 6742 Frequency of DOT Hazmat Training Rules, regulations, and compliance needs change over time, and as new scenarios emerge. Hence, the DOT requires hazmat employers to train their hazmat employees once every three years to ensure that they remain updated and knowledgeable about the DOT HMR as it applies to the workplace and a worker’s job tasks. For employees involved in the transportation of hazardous materials by air, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) require recurrent training once every two years. Click here to view our DOT Hazmat Transportation training courses Click here to view our DOT, IATA, and IMDG Shipping Lithium Batteries training courses

Keeping Workers Safe at Heights – PPE and Fall Protection Training Whatever industry you work in, keeping your workers safe is of paramount importance. Of course, you need to keep in compliance with Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) standards. Failing to comply and allowing workers to be injured can carry stiff financial penalties. As you’re well aware, OSHA keeps a close watch on industry when it comes to the safety and well-being of employees. And OSHA believes that far too many preventable injuries, illnesses, and deaths occur in the workplace. Accidents and exposures that could have been easily prevented if proper measures and training had been implemented. But penalties aside, we need to understand the impact that workplace illnesses and injuries have, not just on the employee, but on their families as well. Nobody wants to get the call that their spouse, loved one, parent or sibling has been injured, or even killed, due to a workplace accident. Along with the financial hardships incurred—which may or may not be overcome easily—the emotional damage done will stay with them forever. OSHA’s Most Frequently Cited Workplace Standards Violations The Occupational Health and Safety Administration recently published their top 10 most recently cited standards for Fiscal Year 2021. The list was also presented at the 2021 NSC Safety Congress & Expo by Patrick Kapust, Deputy Director of OSHA's Directorate of Enforcement Programs. For the eleventh year in a row, fall protection (29 CFR 1926.501) remains at the top of the list, as presented on the official OSHA website. In Fiscal Year 2021, there were a reported 5,295 violations cited. The sixth most cited violation was fall protection training requirements, with over sixteen hundred citations issued. Why have fall protection violations remained at the top for so long? Well, it’s interesting to note that fall protection training moved up in the list, being cited as the #8 violation in 2019. It might be safe to infer that a lack of proper fall protection training has led to fall protection violation’s continuing reign at the top of the citation heap. By the way… ladders and scaffolding citations in construction came as the third and fifth most cited violations, respectively. What Your Team Needs to Know About Working at Heights Remember that number 6 on OSHA’s top 10 list addressed the lack of training for fall protection. (By the way, some websites say that lockout/tagout is #6 and fall protection training violations is #7. This article is based on the official OSHA website information. Either way… it’s a problem to address.) The fact is that you can’t just send people into situations that require fall protection knowledge without ensuring they know the score. That means workers working at heights must know everything from when to use fall protection gear to how to use it properly. OSHA construction safety training needs to be an important part of on-the-job training, and even pre-job instruction. It’s not enough to know how to perform job site tasks. Crew members must know and understand how to work safely as well. This is actually important in any general industry where employees must work at heights, as much as it is critical at construction sites. So, just what does working at heights mean, anyway? You might be picturing workers perched high off the ground on top of a multi-story building. And certainly, that’s one scenario. But according to OSHA regulations, the height where some form of fall protection is necessary is above 4 feet in general industry and above 6 feet in construction industry. And remember, that could be from the ground level, not necessarily high in the air on a platform or rooftop. Sometimes a personal fall arrest system (PFAS) isn’t required and may even get in the way. For example, you likely wouldn’t use a fall protection harness to climb stairs, walk across catwalks, or work on a stationary platform. Fall protection in the form of guardrails, hand rails, and toe-boards would provide the required protection. Note, however, that climbing some fixed ladders may require fall protection gear. Again, this shows how important properly conducted OSHA training programs are, not only to inform workers, but keep confusion to a minimum as well. Some of the topics that construction workers will need to know and understand are: How to select the correct fall protection PPE components for the job How to do a daily inspection on critical parts of a PFAS How to don and doff fall protection harnesses properly How to hook up correctly to anchorage points when working at heights Recognition and identification of fall hazards What to do in the event of a fall, either their own or that of a coworker In the first point—how to select the correct fall protection PPE—it’s necessary to know that there are different styles of safety harnesses, each designed for a particular application. For example, D-ring placement is often determined by the application in which the harness is used. Back mounted D-rings are standard, and will be used to attach lanyards, both stationary and self-retracting, as well as attachment points for fall recovery operations. If the construction worker will be routinely climbing fixed vertical ladders in which a vertical-ladder climbing system is installed, a front mounted attachment point will be necessary. D-rings attached to the sides are used for attaching positioning belts. Even the choice of lanyard is often dependent on the job site application. The two basic types are fixed-length energy absorbing lanyards, and self-retracting lanyards called SRLs. SRLs give the most possible range of movement and come in a variety of lengths. Web-style SRLs are often used indoors, while cable-style SRLs are used in outdoor environments or in areas where more durability against abrasions or high heat is required. If using shock-absorbing lanyards,  the worker must be anchored at least 17.5 to 18 feet above the next surface. These lanyards have coiled up webbing that is pulled from a pouch to slow down and absorb the shock of the fall at the end. Obviously, if a lanyard doesn’t fully deploy before the worker hits the ground, serious foot, leg, and back injuries could be incurred. Best Practices for Training Workers in Fall Protection and Other Safety Topics Training your construction crew is vitally important. And it’s important that it be done correctly and to OSHA specifications. Yes, OSHA does have specific recommendations and requirements for any type of safety training. 29 CFR 1926, Subpart C, standard number 1926.21 addresses the general requirements and employer responsibilities for safety training. As for the responsibilities: 1926.21(b)(2) The employer shall instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his work environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury. Train workers about job hazards in a language that they can understand. In almost every standard regarding training in any safety topic, you’ll find that one common theme. The training must be understandable by the employee, regardless of language, educational level, or other personal circumstances. Not only that, but, the training must also be documented properly and records retained: 1926.503(b)(2) The latest training certification shall be maintained. There are resources on the OSHA website you can use to form a qualified training program. Some companies do that. It can be time-consuming to say the least. Another option that many employers are turning to is hiring training companies that specifically specialize in compliant safety training. These companies are equipped and prepared to ensure all employees understand the ins and outs of the safety topics presented. While many in-person training programs are held at the employer’s on-site location, an increasing number of OSHA online training courses are offered that can be accessed by individuals via computer, laptop, tablet, or smartphone. The employees are able to study at their own pace, take certification tests online, and those tests are stored in a database to satisfy OSHA’s documentation retention requirements. The cost of these programs is minimal compared to the potential costs associated with injuries, deaths, and OSHA penalties. Safety doesn’t cost on the construction site… it pays off with huge dividends. Article provided by Fred Pineda, American Safety Associates, LLC. ASA provides its customers with quality safety products including fall protection harnesses and gear, respiratory protection products, PPE wear, and first aid products.

Failure to Use Appropriate Fall Protection Equipment Results in the Death of a 22-Year-Old Construction WorkerOSHA proposes a penalty of $249,323 to a Baton Rouge, Los Angeles based roofing contractor due to a young construction worker falling victim to inadequate fall protection measures.“Falls continue to be the leading cause of deaths in the construction industry and yet, employers like Premier South Roofing LLC repeatedly failed to protect their workers from the risk of disabling injuries or worse,” OSHA Area Director Roderic Chube in Baton Rouge is quoted saying in OSHA’s News Release about the incident.On April 2nd, 2022, Premier South Roofing LLC’s failure to employ adequate fall protection measures resulted in the death of a 22-year-old worker as they lost their footing, and fell about 30 feet through a skylight in the midst of a roofing job. Investigations have confirmed that the fatality could have been prevented if appropriate fall protection gear had been used.Premier South Roofing LLC had also received previous warnings from safety inspectors in February 2022 when five of the company’s employees were seen working on a roof without the requisite fall protection equipment. The contractor employs about 200 workers in providing residential and commercial roofing services. However, Premier South Roofing’s repeated ignorance of safety measures and employee training has resulted in major penalties and the unfortunate death of a young worker. OSHA has cited the company for two repeat violations for failing to provide fall protection and verify employee training. For more information, refer to the citation letter.“Ensuring that workers are trained on, and use proper fall protection, as required by law, can prevent tragedies such as this from recurring,” reiterates OSHA Area Director Roderic Chube about the case.Training to Support Worker Safety and Good HealthEnsuring worker safety is a fundamental aspect of any business and incidents like this bring to light the dangers employees face when required protective procedures and health and safety training are disregarded. Fall protection has been a frequently cited OSHA violation over the years, and falls remain one of the leading causes of accidents at construction sites. This is where training on the key aspects of fall protection for workers can play a fundamental role in safety at a worksite.Our OSHA Competent Person For Fall Protection training provides detailed guidance on fall protection systems and the use of body harnesses and fall arrest systems. The course also covers safety measures when working on ladders, stairways, and aerial lifts. So, don’t delay, enroll your workers in the safety training course and get them trained and certified today. This action will not only safeguard their health but also reduce fines and other penalties on your business while simultaneously improving your reputation as a concerned employer!Refer to OSHA Regulations for the State of California to gain a better understanding of the OSHA-approved State Plans for California.ReferenceOSHA. (2022). Citation and Notification of Penalty. Letter. Website. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/OPA/news%20releases/OSHA-2%20Citations%20-%20Premier%20South_1587496.pdfOSHA. (2022). OSHA News Release - Region 6. Baton Rouge roofing contractor’s failure to heed February warning turns deadly as unprotected worker plunges through a skylight in April. Website. https://www.osha.gov/news/newsreleases/region6/08012022 

Online Safety Training for Shipping Lithium Ion and Metal Cells and Batteries We’ve all heard of lithium batteries. We use them when we operate our mobile phones, Apple devices, and laptops. Doctors and nurses use lithium batteries when they operate wireless medical tools and equipment, and construction workers use a range of cordless power tools. Lithium batteries are also used in smartwatches and motor vehicles.  The rising dependency on lithium batteries resulting in a highly growing demand for lithium batteries in our everyday lives poses a few thought-provoking questions. Are lithium batteries dangerous or harmful? Can lithium batteries catch fire or explode? Are there other risks posed by using lithium batteries? Should people who manufacture, handle, and transport lithium batteries practice any safety measures? The simple answer is YES to all the above questions. Lithium batteries have a higher energy density and flammable electrolytes in smaller packages, Hence, if not handled properly or damaged, they can short circuit, release heat, or cause fires.  However, the undisputed fact that we use lithium batteries every day and most of us have not faced any accidents or problems, is a testament that when handled appropriately, lithium batteries are as risky as any other electrical or electronic item we use that is powered by other types of batteries. This does not mean that you can be careless. The careful use of lithium batteries is always advocated. Let’s watch the below video to better understand the dangers of lithium battery usage in our everyday lives, and what we can do to ensure we protect ourselves. People Shipping Lithium Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries and Cells For those in the business of shipping lithium batteries, ensuring their employees are protected against the hazards of explosions and fires that could result from damaged and incorrectly handled lithium cells and batteries, requires appropriate training. This is where the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) of the U.S. Department of Transportation, the International Air Transport Association’s (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR), and the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code come into play. These regulations and codes advocate those individuals involved in any aspect of shipping lithium batteries by highway, rail, air, or vessel to be given appropriate training by employers to ensure safety and health as well as compliance with regulations.  In addition, workers involved in the design, manufacture, inspection, maintenance, reconditioning, repair, or test packages, containers, or packaging components that are used for the transportation of lithium batteries must also receive safety training related to shipping lithium batteries. Furthermore, personnel undertaking tasks such as marking, labeling, or packaging that indicate lithium batteries are present in a package being transported in commerce must also have appropriate knowledge of the best practices and rules and regulations related to shipping lithium batteries. Compliance officers who certify that all applicable requirements of the HMR, IMO, and ICAO are being met, and persons responsible for the safety of hazardous materials during transportation are also required to be given safety training related to shipping stand-alone, packed with, or contained in equipment lithium batteries and cells.  Importance of Safety Training When Shipping Lithium Batteries Safety training comes into play when shipping lithium batteries and cells as these are regulated during transportation due to their prevailing hazards. This is mainly due to the nature of lithium batteries, meaning their high density that can result in explosions and fires. The danger of lithium batteries is not just in the catching of fire, but also in the difficulty in extinguishing the fire. As such, lithium batteries must be handled properly during transportation, thereby reducing the risks to people, buildings, and the environment.  For a quick overview of the Dos and Don’ts of Shipping Lithium Batteries read our article here.  Below are identified some dangers that lithium batteries pose during transportation. The increased hazards of transporting lithium batteries are due to their size, type, and the chemistry of the battery make-up. For instance, lithium batteries contain a flammable electrolyte, and under certain conditions, such as a short circuit or unsuitable design, or incorrect assembly, these batteries can overhear and ignite, unlike standard alkaline batteries.  In fact, “the FAA Technical Center testing shows that oxygen starvation through depressurization in the case of cargo aircraft, common shipping containers (e.g., unit load devices), or aircraft fire suppression systems are not effective in containing or suppressing many potential lithium cell or battery fires (DOT & PHMSA, 2021, pg. 2).” As lithium cells and batteries pose both electrical hazards and chemical hazards such as corrosive or flammable electrolytes, regulations require different types and sizes of batteries to be packaged and marked so that these hazards may be minimized. Another danger of transporting lithium batteries is the batteries experiencing thermal runway. While not common, the risk does exist. And a thermal runway occurring onboard an aircraft could lead t a seriously devastating catastrophe!  “A thermal runway is a chain reaction leading to a violent release of stored energy and flammable gas. This thermal runaway can propagate to other batteries or conductive materials nearby, potentially resulting in large-scale thermal events with severe consequences (DOT & PHMSA, 2021, pg. 2).” Enroll Today! Hence employers and employees, handling and transporting lithium cells and batteries must receive the appropriate and adequate safety training. Our Shipping Lithium Batteries: Fully Regulated and Excepted Cells and Batteries Training course is designed by OSHA-approved trainers in line with U.S. DOT HMR (49 CFR Part 172.704), IATA DGR (Section 1.5), and IMDG Code (Section 1.3.1). If you prefer group training options, contact us on 1-866-429-6742 or info@HAZWOPER-OSHA.com for more details. Reference: U.S Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Association (PHMSA). 2021, September (Revised). Lithium battery guide for shippers a compliance tool for all modes of transportation. [PDF]. Website. https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/sites/phmsa.dot.gov/files/2021-09/Lithium-Battery-Guide.pdf

The Importance of Packaging and Labeling for Storing Hazardous MaterialsFor businesses in many industries, handling and working with hazardous materials and other dangerous substances will be an essential and unavoidable part of their day-to-day activities and operations. For some companies, this might mean the occasional use of cleaning chemicals; for others, it will mean handling dangerous industrial chemicals, acids, pesticides, or biological agents daily.As such, every organization has a responsibility to manage any risks that their employees may encounter as a result of utilizing these hazardous substances, and one of the most important ways of doing this is making sure that the correct packaging and labeling are used consistently. This is a crucial element of safe chemical handling and storage, and makes a big difference in keeping everyone safe at the worksite.Here, we will look at the factors involved in proper packaging required for the transportation and storage of hazardous substances, and the key information that good safety labeling should include to offer the best possible protection for your workers.Best practices for labeling hazardous substancesProper labeling of hazardous substances means providing everyone on-site with all of the information they will need to ensure they are always using the chemicals safely and appropriately, in line with the manufacturer’s guidelines, while informing them of any potential risks associated.Sometimes, this will be in the form of precautionary statements, which can be put on hazardous substance packaging, that tell the user what they need to do to prevent or minimize adverse effects. Chemicals may need to be labeled according to the following safety requirements:Keeping chemicals from mixing if this would create a dangerous reaction.Washing the skin thoroughly after handling.Using personal protective equipment when in contact with the chemical, including safety gloves, goggles, or respiratory protection.Keeping the product at the right temperature, or protected from sunlight or contact with air where necessary.Keeping chemicals away from ignitable materials.It is required to provide these precautionary statements where required, alongside clear instructions on how the product can be safely and correctly used, stored, and disposed of, including what to do in the event of an accidental or uncontrolled spill. In most cases, hazardous chemical products that are commercially sold will include all this information on their labeling, so care must be taken to ensure this vital information is not obscured or removed.Labels for hazardous materials will also usually contain warning pictograms, a simple and universally understandable icon-based warning system (such as the Globally Harmonized System of the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, GHS) that allows everyone to see the potential dangers associated with a product at a glance. These pictogram warnings could include the following:⦁  Explosive (symbol: exploding bomb)⦁  Flammable (symbol: flame)⦁  Oxidizing (symbol: flame over a circle)⦁  Corrosive (symbol: test tubes causing corrosion)⦁  Health hazard (symbol: silhouette of man)⦁  Harmful to human health and the environment (symbol: exclamation mark)⦁  Acutely toxic (symbol: skull and crossbones)⦁  Gas under pressure (symbol: gas cylinder)⦁  Environmental hazard (symbol: tree and river with environmental damage) Workplaces can further improve compliance with the chemical handling guidelines by putting up safety signs and notices in the area where the dangerous substances are stored, to ensure that the information is conveyed as clearly as possible. Additionally, everyone on-site needs to receive safety training on the risks associated with these chemicals, and how to use them responsibly.What is needed from hazardous substance packaging?Unless specified otherwise, most hazardous substances can be stored safely in the packaging they are sold in, as these packaging materials will be designed specially to contain the chemical. However, if a hazardous substance needs to be transferred to another storage receptacle, it is the organization’s responsibility to make sure the packaging used is suitable for the task and meets the packaging requirements as specified by OSHA.  Enroll in our OSHA Hazard Communication with GHS Training Course to learn more Any packaging used for hazardous substances must meet the following requirements:It must be secure, easy to close/seal, and prevent any escape of the substance.It must be sturdy and robust enough to withstand regular handling, including frequent reuse and reopening, without risk of degradation.It must not be adversely affected by the hazardous substance itself.It must be clearly labeled to show the contents and offer clear information on the potential hazards associated with the substance.Where specified by regulations, the hazardous substance must be packaged in UN-graded receptacles and packaging materials.With the proper packaging, hazardous substances can be safely kept on your premises for as long as they are needed while keeping the potential health risks associated with their use to a bare minimum.The importance of getting labeling and packaging rightWorkplace health and safety legislation and labor protection laws such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) dictate that any chemical hazards and toxic substances used in the workplace must have appropriate labels and safety data sheets for the workers who use them safely. Employees must also be trained to handle the chemicals appropriately, including guidance on the specific hazards in their work area and the measures to be used to protect themselves.Packaging and labeling are also important when storing hazardous materials and toxic chemicals in the course of transporting these dangerous cargoes via highway, rail, air, or vessel. The United States Department of Transportation (DOT)’s Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) specifies general and specific labeling and requirements that must be adhered to. Enroll in our DOT Hazmat Function Specific Training: Labeling Course to learn more Enroll in our DOT Hazmat Function Specific Training: Packaging Course to learn moreFailing to get this right will increase the risk of accidents occurring, or an employee’s health being damaged by exposure to dangerous chemicals. This will have a serious impact on your entire team, and leave your organization liable for legal and/or regulatory repercussions.As such, it is essential for companies to pay close attention to the use of correct packaging and labeling when storing hazardous substances, in order to ensure they meet the consistently high standards of workplace safety that workers, consumers, and lawmakers expect of them.The article was written by: Kevin Rowe, Managing Director of SafetyBuyer.com  

Where Would Workers Encounter Hazardous Atmospheres? Definition of Hazardous Atmosphere Let us begin by first understanding what a hazardous atmosphere is. A hazardous atmosphere refers to dusts, gases, vapors, fumes, and mists that may contaminate the air around us causing people to breathe in toxins or bad air resulting in poisoning the human body. Areas with low oxygen levels are also considered hazardous atmospheres as they can lead to worker injury or death. In its Confined Spaces Standard for the construction industry, OSHA defines a hazardous atmosphere as, “an atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of the ability to self-rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit space), injury,” due to the presence of flammable gas, airborne combustible dust, low or high levels of oxygen in the atmosphere, or other concentrations of poisonous substances or toxic chemicals over the permissible exposure limits (PELs), or any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH). For a detailed definition, see 29 CFR 1926 Subpart AA, Section 1926.1202 - Definitions. Such hazardous atmospheres can pose a danger to workers’ health and life. Hazardous atmospheres, if not identified at the outset, can result in worker injury, illness, incapacitation, inability to self-rescue; or incidents such as explosion and fire. Remember! Flammable substances, a low or high oxygen atmosphere, and toxins are the most common causes of atmospheric hazards. Causes of Atmospheric Hazards A hazardous atmosphere can be triggered by the release of excessive toxins or poisons into the atmosphere contaminating the air. Low or depleting oxygen levels, as well as excessive oxygen in the air, can also result in hazardous atmospheres. Toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, or other poison-emitting substances that produce toxic gases, fumes, and vapors (e.g., hydrogen sulfide) result in air contamination causing personnel to inhale toxic compounds while at the worksite and exposing workers to health hazards. Furthermore, hazardous atmospheres may also occur due to natural reasons such as toxic fumes and combustible dusts released from volcanoes, areas widespread with hot springs emitting high levels of mercury, areas with various hazardous substances that can lead to the creation of sulfuric acid, or areas with natural deposits or high concentrations of dangerous chemical substances such as asbestos, silica, arsenic, and pyrite. What is an oxygen-deficient atmosphere? A work area or other space that has less than 19.5% oxygen in the atmosphere. What is an oxygen-enriched atmosphere? A work area or other space with an atmosphere containing over 23.5% oxygen by volume.   Where Would Workers Encounter Hazardous Atmospheres? May jobs and occupations can expose workers to hazardous atmospheres. Let’s discuss some of these in more detail. When Working in Confined Spaces Hazardous atmospheres are most prevalent in confined spaces. The nature of confined spaces as identified by OSHA is one of the most dangerous areas where workers would be exposed to hazardous atmospheres. The four hazardous atmospheres encountered by workers carrying out job tasks in confined spaces are: Flammable Atmosphere Toxic Atmosphere Oxygen-Deficient or Oxygen-Enriched Atmosphere Airborne Combustible Dust Particles in the Atmosphere For detailed information on the atmospheric hazards and other hazards encountered by workers in confined spaces read our blog on Inherent Dangers of Working in a Confined Space. Enroll in our OSHA Confined Space Awareness Training course to learn more. Hazardous Waste Operations Employees involved in hazardous waste operations are also exposed to atmospheric hazards. Hazardous waste can generate toxic gases and vapors exposing workers to acute or chronic health effects. As such workers employed in routine hazardous waste operations in emergencies involving hazardous substance spills must understand the inherent dangers such hazardous substance spillages can cause to the atmosphere. It is also the reason why OSHA advocates for respiratory protection when workers handle hazardous materials and work in hazardous waste operations. Some of the hazardous atmospheres that workers may encounter are: Oxygen-deficient atmosphere Toxic gas releases contaminating clean air Combustible atmosphere Flammable atmosphere Enroll in our OSHA 40 Hour HAZWOPER Training course to learn more. Working in Excavations and Trenches Excavation sites and trenching operations can often expose workers to hazardous atmospheres. As excavations and trenches are areas that are dug deep into the earth, workers may be exposed to toxic atmospheres due to the naturally occurring pockets of poisonous gases or other toxic chemicals or deposits of hazardous substances within the rock formations. These atmospheric hazards can lead to adverse respiratory illnesses and even cause workers to suffer from asphyxiation. Personnel working in excavation sites and trenches may encounter some of these hazardous atmospheres: Oxygen-deficient atmosphere Toxic atmospheres Flammable atmosphere Atmospheres with airborne combustible dusts Enroll in our OSHA Competent Person for Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring Training course to learn more. When Handling Chemicals or Other Hazardous Materials Today, many industries and manufacturing operations use chemical compounds and other hazardous materials as part of their production processes. Workers employed by the oil and gas industry, chemical industry, construction industry, laboratories, manufacturers of various goods, and even testing facilities can be exposed to atmospheric hazards due to leaks or unexpected releases and mixing of toxic chemicals or other hazardous materials. For example, construction industry workers may inadvertently be exposed to asbestos and lead without their knowledge. Thus, it is imperative that whatever the organization, the work, or the job role, employees must be made aware of existing workplace hazards, especially those related to atmospheric hazards, as contaminated air may not be containable in one area and rapidly spread the toxins within enclosed places such as buildings. Working with chemicals or other hazardous materials, enroll in a safety training course that best fits your occupation and work tasks. Minimizing Atmospheric Hazards Hazardous atmospheres can often be overlooked, and the dangers of atmospheric hazards are recognized only when it is too late. Thus, for the different occupational areas where workers can encounter atmospheric hazards or hazardous atmospheres, OSHA has incorporated recommended practices within the relevant OSHA regulations and standards. Employers can ensure employees are aware of such atmospheric hazards and the implication for their health and safety by enrolling them in adequate and suitable training courses. This will enable workers to practice recommended methods to increase personal safety and health while at the worksite while reducing accidents and injury rates occurring in the organization.Here are a few measures that OSHA recommends employers implement to reduce atmospheric hazards: Incorporating atmospheric testing within the overall workplace safety and health program. Inspecting excavation sites and trenches before work begins. Regularly testing and monitoring work areas that are prone to atmospheric hazards. Testing atmospheres before workers enter confined spaces. Making gas meters available to workers while at the job site for regular air monitoring. Job hazard analysis at HAZWOPER sites. Respiratory protection. Appropriate ventilation systems for confined/enclosed spaces. Specific control measures such as purging and inerting to minimize or remove toxic atmospheres from confined spaces.

What You CAN’T See CAN’T Hurt You: Is This Really True for HIDDEN MOLD in Homes, Schools, and Other Buildings? There is a famous proverb: what you don’t know can’t hurt you. For the purpose of our discussion, we decided to narrow down the proverb to: what you can’t see can’t hurt you. In this blog we will explore the validity of the above statement in the context of mold contamination in homes, schools, and other buildings. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Mold is a fungal growth that forms and spreads on various kinds of damp or decaying organic matter.” Mold can grow on virtually any organic substance, as long as moisture and oxygen are present. When mold spores land on places that have excessive moisture or where humidity is high, they begin to grow and can form new mold colonies. The key word here is “moisture.” Mold does not need a lot of water to grow. In fact, a little condensation around a window sill or in a bathroom is enough to create conditions conducive to mold growth. Common sources of moisture include roof leaks, condensation due to high humidity, slow leaks in plumbing fixtures, humidification systems, sprinkler systems, and floods. Common sites for indoor mold growth include bathroom tile and grout, basement walls, areas around windows, near leaky water fountains, and around sinks. While some moisture problems are easy to see, others may be hidden. Possible locations of hidden moisture that may result in hidden mold growth include pipe chases and utility tunnels, walls in cold corners behind furniture where condensation forms, poorly draining condensate drain pains inside air handling units, porous thermal or acoustic liners inside duct work, roof materials above ceiling tiles, the back side of drywall, paneling, and wallpaper, and the underside of carpets and pads. Why Is Mold A Problem In The Indoor Environment? While in the recent years, concern about indoor exposure to mold has increased along with public awareness of the health effects associated with mold exposure, one of the most difficult concepts to grasp about mold contamination is that many times there are no visible signs of mold growth. So, if mold is not visibly present, should home and building owners be concerned about it? YES, even if mold is not visibly present, home and building owners should still be concerned about it. Mold is a substantial problem in the indoor environment because it gradually destroys or digests the things it grows on. Unaddressed mold growth or hidden mold growth can silently, over time, damage buildings and furnishings, rot wood, damage drywall, and ultimately cause structural damage to buildings. In addition to structural damage, mold growth in buildings can lead to unpleasant odors and can trigger health effects in some individuals. The onset of health problems not only impacts the building occupants, but also the building owners who may have to bear high costs to resolve the underlying issues. A Preliminary Conclusion From our discussion so far in this blog, we can safely conclude that, “what you CAN’T see CAN hurt you.” Most people think that mold would be easy to spot and identify. Yet, in practice, it may not always be the case and falling for this trap may cost building owners thousands of dollars in repairs, renovation, and other costs as the problem worsens over time. In reality “invisible” mold is not invisible, it is just hidden. Fortunately for building owners, there are tell-tale signs of hidden mold contamination that warrant a thorough building investigation to identify potential areas of mold growth and the root cause of the mold problem. These warning signs include reports of health problems in building occupants, moldy or musty odor, water leaks, condensation, and floods. Let us briefly review the warning signs of mold contamination in indoor environments. Health Effects Molds produce allergens, irritants, and potentially toxic substances or chemicals (mycotoxins). Mold exposure can irritate the eyes, skin, nose, throat, and lungs of both mold-allergic and non-allergic people. For people who are sensitive to mold, exposure can lead to hay fever-like symptoms, such as headache, sneezing, runny nose, red eyes, and skin rash (dermatitis). For people with asthma or allergies to mold, exposure can lead to more intense reactions. Moldy or Musty Odor Some compounds produced by molds have strong smells. These compounds are known as microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs). As molds starts growing in buildings, the occupants may begin to report a “moldy odor” or “musty smell” along with other health effects. A musty or moldy odor suggests that mold is growing in the building and should be investigated. Water Leaks Mold contamination resulting from water leaks is not always easy to identify as the leak may be in an area that is not easily noticeable or accessible, such as behind a wall. If home and building owners are aware of a water leak, it must be repaired quickly. Additionally, home and building owners must remain vigilant to any signs of water damage resulting from hidden water leaks. Signs of water damage include water stains or discoloration on ceilings, walls, or floors; cracking, peeling, or bubbling paint or wallpaper; a squishy hardwood floor; lumpy and uneven-looking attic insulation; etc. If home and building owners spot any of these signs, the building must be thoroughly investigated to identify the source of moisture and any areas of potential mold growth. Condensation Condensation can be a sign of high humidity which can ultimately lead to mold growth. When warm, humid air contacts a cold surface, the water vapors turn into liquid droplets that are visible on the outside of the cold surface. This phenomenon is known as condensation. Areas where condensation often forms include windows, air-conditioning ducts, pipes, and behind furniture. During a building investigation, these areas must be carefully investigated for signs of moisture and/or mold growth. Floods Floods can result in water damage inside buildings. When things remain wet for more than two days, they usually become moldy. If a building has experienced flooding in the past, then it is possible that there may be some form of mold contamination lurking in the dark. Final Thoughts The key to mold prevention is moisture control. While eliminating all mold and mold is spores virtually impossible, controlling indoor moisture will control the growth of indoor mold. Routine maintenance and repairs substantially reduce the likelihood of mold problems in buildings. If you are not experienced with mold remediation procedures, it is recommended that you consult a professional when making repairs or seek assistance with mold remediation and mold-prevention-related changes to the building. If left unchecked, mold contamination can become a substantial health and safety hazard over time. Please remember: Even if you CAN’T see mold, it CAN still hurt you.       References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022, February 25). Indoor Environmental Quality. Website. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/whatismold.html United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2022, May 05). Mold. Website. https://www.epa.gov/mold  

The 8 Types of Trenching and Excavation Hazards Trenching and Excavation hazards continue to be a prominent cause of worker injuries and fatalities in the United States. Between 2019 and 2021, 38 workers died due to trench collapses alone as cited in OSHA’s Fatality Inspection Data. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor’s 2020 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Table A-9, 19 workers employed in construction suffered fatal injuries due to excavation and trench cave-ins in 2020. These numbers should raise a red flag for employers and employees and increase the need for safety awareness from trenching hazards at construction sites. What is a Trench? A trench is an excavation (or hole in the ground) where the depth is greater than the width. One tried and tested method is to ensure workers receive adequate training on OSHA regulations and safe work practices in accordance with Federal OSHA Regulations 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P which provides guidance on specific excavation requirements and the use of protective systems for excavation and trenches. Did You Know?There are three types of protective systems – Sloping, Shoring, and Shielding.       To Learn More Enroll In Our      OSHA Competent Person for Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring Training Course Our OSHA Competent Person for Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring Training course has been developed by OSHA-authorized trainers and provides detailed guidance on soil classification, protective systems, and safe work practices in trenches in construction.. Trenches in ConstructionTrenches are typically classified based on their purpose and depth. Here are a few types of trenches in construction.Utility Trenches: Dug to install or repair utility lines such as water, sewer, or electrical lines. They are usually shallow but can vary in depth.Foundation Trenches: Excavated to provide a base for building foundations. These trenches are deeper and require careful planning and preparation.Drainage Trenches: Constructed to manage surface water or groundwater. They are designed to redirect water away from structures or areas prone to flooding.Access Trenches: Used to provide access to underground structures such as basements or tunnels. They are often deeper and may require additional support.Each type of trench has specific requirements for safety and construction practices to prevent cave-ins and other hazards. Trenching and Excavation Hazards Let’s discuss the eight commonly encountered trenching and excavation hazards that cause worker injury and death in the construction industry.Which of these conditions makes a trench cave-in more likely? 1. Trench Collapses or Cave-Ins A trench collapse or a cave-in occurs when the walls of the trench or excavation site collapse inwards due to instability or improper use of safety techniques such as sloping or benching the sides of the trench, shoring or supporting the sides of the excavation, or placing a shield between the sides of the excavation/trench and the work area. Some of the most common reasons for trench or excavation collapses are attributed to unstable soil, vibrations due to machinery being used nearby, vibrations from heavy traffic passing close to the trench, flooding, heavy rainfall, and excessive pressure placed on the edge of a trench. Trench or excavation collapses result in workers being buried under tons of sand and rock, suffocating due to being smothered by soil, or suffering other lesser fatal injuries which can still put them in hospital and require injury leave. Before excavation work begins, employers must ensure that a competent person inspect worksites daily before the start of each shift, and as needed thereafter (for example, a sudden heavy rainfall occurring after the pre-work inspection has taken place that could result in excess water gathered in the trench affecting soil stability). 2. Falling Hazard Workers working in trenches and excavations are exposed to the hazard of falling into the trench or excavation. This is more common when workers must cross over excavations to get to the other side. Putting-up safety signs, installing guardrails for walkways that are 6 feet or higher from the bottom of the trench or the lower level, and/or placing barriers around the edges of trenches and excavation sites can reduce the risk of workers falling inside the trenches and sustaining injuries. 3. Struck-By Hazard This happens when objects, tools, or other equipment falls on workers working inside the trench or excavation. This could be due to the tools being placed too close to the edge of the trench resulting in them slipping and falling inside the trench causing injury to workers. By placing barriers at the edge of the trench and excavation areas, workers’ risk from struck-by hazards can be greatly reduced as this would stop tools and equipment from accidentally falling inside trenches. 4. Superimposed Load or Surcharge Hazard When excess loads or weight are placed at the top of a trench, there is a risk of such vertical loads (e.g., excavated soils and other materials, vehicles, or equipment) resulting in reducing the stability of a trench or excavation area. This excessive pressure on the soil could cause the trench edge to collapse resulting in the machine or the excavated soil falling inside the trench and risking serious injury to workers. Therefore, when the stability of the trench is reduced it can cause the dual hazards of cave-ins and falling loads. Thus, following OSHA’s requirement to maintain two feet from the edge of the trench or excavation before placing any load will minimize the hazards faced by workers when working inside trenches. In addition, a barrier can also be placed for extra protection. 5. Atmospheric Hazards Trenches and excavation sites are prone to atmospheric hazards due to the worksite being underground. Workers can be exposed to toxic atmospheres (due to the presence of toxic gases or chemicals), or suffer from asphyxiation caused by a shortage of, or lack of, oxygen due to a cave-in or the nature of the confined space (meaning the trench or excavation site) they are working in. According to OSHA’s Excavations Standard, 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P, a competent person must undertake daily inspections to test trenches and excavations for hazardous atmospheres. These inspections should be done before work begins and as necessary throughout the shift. Furthermore, employers must also provide workers with adequate respiratory protection or ventilation in trenches or excavations that contain less than 19.5 percent oxygen (an oxygen-deficient atmosphere) and where a hazardous atmosphere is detected. 6. Hazards Caused by Mobile Equipment and Machinery When workers operate mobile equipment or machinery close to trenches and excavations, the judgment of when to stop before reaching the edge of the trench or excavation can sometimes be incorrect. Therefore, using stop logs and barricades can help reduce the hazard of equipment being too close to the edge. Using a communication system such as hand signals between equipment operators and the ground workers is also a good safe workplace practice that can be adopted at excavation sites. 7. Electrical Hazards Often working underground results in workers being exposed to underground electrical wiring, underground power lines, or other underground utilities such as telephone lines and water. This is a cause of concern as workers could be exposed to electrical hazards such as shocks and electrocutions as well as fires and explosions. To safeguard workers, employers should contact the utility companies and the location of the underground utility and put in barriers to avoid the area when working in the trench or get the water supply or power shut down before work begins in trenches. 8. Drowning and Flooding Hazards Working in trenches and excavations exposes workers to the hazards of drowning and flooding. Flooding can occur due to ruptured water pipes in the excavated area or even from heavy rainfall or thunderstorms. Employers should ensure the utility underground location is identified in advance, and barriers placed around it with relevant safety signage when work is being carried out. Furthermore, precautions such as harnesses and lifelines, shielding systems, and other water removal measures can be utilized to reduce water accumulation in excavation sites. These must be supervised by a competent person. In instances of rainstorms, the excavation site should be cleared of workers and a competent person must inspect the site before work begins again to ensure that the trench is safe from the danger of cave-ins or re-flooding. OSHA-Complaint Safety Training To protect workers from trenching and excavation hazards, employers must train workers to recognize trenching hazards, understand the dangers to safety and health of exposure to such hazards, and ways to minimize such hazards. As competent persons play a critical role in ensuring worker protection when working in trenches and excavation sites, employers must train workers to be competent persons when working in excavations and trenches. Our OSHA Competent Person For Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring Training course will provide detailed guidance and protect workers and reduce employer liabilities and work stoppages due to accidents and injuries. June is Trench Safety Month! Support and contribute to the safety of workers by acting today! Protect Workers’ Health and Safety from Trenching Hazards. Enroll your employees in our OSHA Competent Person for Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring Training course. Call us for details about in-person on-site group training, virtual instructor-led training, and employer group discounts. References: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities. TABLE A-9. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure for all fatal injuries and major private industry sector, all United States, 2020. Website. https://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cftb0343.htm OSHA Fatality Inspection Data. (n.d.). Reports of fatalities for CY17-21. Website. https://www.osha.gov/fatalities