Our Safety Blogs

Prioritizing Workplace Safety Workplace safety is a predominant concern for employers and employees alike. Today, thousands of accidents, injuries, and fatalities occur across industries and occupations despite the increasing precautions taken and advanced measures implemented to reduce prevailing hazards in the workplace. Many of these materialize because workers are not adequately trained or are unaware of the inherent dangers. Some workplaces (example: construction industry, hazardous waste operations, chemical manufacturing, mining, oil refining, etc.) are also more accident-prone due to the nature and type of work being carried out and/or the kinds of materials being used to complete the job tasks. Workers employed in such workplaces where exposure to hazards is higher are more at risk than those who work in offices. Thus, putting in place rules and regulations to prioritize and implement workplace safety and health across industries is undertaken by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration popularly called OSHA. OSHA sets standards such as HAZWOPER, and monitors industry and employer implementation of safety and health at the workplace. OSHA also enables and prioritizes employees’ complaints and reporting regarding employers or workplace incidents as well as suspected lapses in workplace safety and health plans and processes. Workplace safety is so important, that over the years, industry associations have begun to dedicate months and days to highlighting the importance of safeguarding workers. In fact, June has been declared not only the National Safety Month by the National Safety Council but also Trench Safety Month by the National Utility Contractors Association (NUCA). This shows that safety is and always will be a priority across industries and employers. How to Prioritize Safety in the Workplace? Ensuring they are following the OSHA standards and other industry regulations is the first step that any employer should do. There is also insurance, safety training, and safety systems and processes. However, while safety is such a grave concern, it is often considered a boring subject! One would think that people would be more enthusiastic to learn more about good health and safety practices as it concerns an individual’s quality and length of life! But unfortunately, this has proven not to be the case time and again. While awareness has increased in the last decade or more mainly due to new forms of communication and the explosion of social media, there is still more to be done. So, while the proverb ‘prevention is better than the cure’ is cited often, there is still more to do before we can see it being wholly embraced and fully practiced! Therefore, this conundrum of safety first and always is something that employers and employees will continue to face in the foreseeable future. So, what can be done to increase safety and health awareness, make it more interesting, and ultimately a priority at the workplace? Participate, Engage, and Involve — this is the answer. Companies already have in place systems and processes to make safety more interesting. Much of this is connected with safety training and how it is conducted using modern communication and teaching tools to make training interactive. Aside from this, employers also provide on-the-job safety training, drills, and more recently virtual training opportunities. In addition, there are also many safety days and safety months dedicated to the cause of employee occupational safety and health. Commemorating safety and health days can be used to highlight various safety and health topics and all related information. As this will be viewed as a celebration, the shared knowledge, and the safety topic itself would remain in people’s long-term memories. And, more importantly, these days recur annually and can be used to advantage by any employer, big or small! How to Implement Participate, Engage, and Involve Activities? Employee engagement is a hot topic today. It refers to how enthusiastic employees are when it comes to their jobs and workplace. It also considers employee commitment to the employer and the added effort expended for their organization and work tasks. Utilize the concept of employee engagement to increase safety awareness in the workplace. Most employees, especially when working in dangerous jobs and using hazardous substances are already trained as required by OSHA. So, use their knowledge and know-how to increase enthusiasm for practicing safety in the workplace. Also, arrange for your employees to share some of their knowledge with other employees in your organization who are not required to undergo OSHA-compliant training. This will increase the self-worth of individuals while also getting them to participate and engage with creating a safety culture at your workplace. Another aspect would be to use months like June (the National Safety Month) to cascade the importance of safety across employees and other stakeholder groups. Commemorating special dates is synonymous with people wanting to do something special and different. So, go ahead and use this ingrained human belief to prioritize safety at work. Some ideas to consider: Arrange a fun quiz for employees to compete against one another regarding their safety knowledge. If sharing safety dos and don’ts with customers or suppliers, get your employees to put together this information and credit them for their work. Arrange for first-aid or emergency drills to be conducted for the community surrounding your business operations and get your employees to guide and participate in such events. This will also build goodwill amongst all. Get employees' families involved in some type of safety workshop or event. After all, when employees are injured at work it is their families that are impacted the most. Encourage employees to volunteer for programs on safety and health or even in emergencies in the neighborhood if they have the relevant and appropriate training to help in such situations. This will give a broader perspective on the training they undergo as they will feel they it is for the greater good of the people. Such events will bring to the forefront the reasons for employers and OSHA to harp on safety regulations, plans, systems, and processes. Why authorities and employers reiterate learning and knowing about existing risks, hazards, and other safety and health-related issues in the type of work being done and the type of material being used. Such activities will also have a wider audience, making more people aware of the need for safety in the workplace. Activities and initiatives that revolve around the concept of ‘participate, engage, and involve’ have limitless possibilities and can combine different stakeholder groups including your employees. So, utilize every possible measure and prioritize safety at the workplace, always!   References: Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) (2017). Developing and Sustaining Employee Engagement. Website https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/toolkits/pages/sustainingemployeeengagement.aspx Custom Insight (n.d.). What is Employee Engagement? Website. https://www.custominsight.com/employee-engagement-survey/what-is-employee-engagement.asp

Protecting Workers from Heat StressWhat is Heat Stress?You would have heard people discussing ‘heat stress’ now that summer is here. But what exactly is heat stress and why do people keep on talking about it?Let me first explain what heat stress is. Heat stress refers to the condition where the human body absorbs the heat from a hot environment, collects it to excessive levels, and then cannot get rid of the excess heat. When this occurs, the core body temperature and the heart rate drastically increase resulting in the person feeling extremely hot and losing focus on what he/she is doing. As the heat stress levels increase, the person can become irritable, lose the desire to drink, feels very tired, and becomes ill. If nothing is done to cool the body, and the person continues to suffer from heat stress then he/she may faint or even die.This shows that heat stress is a very critical condition for a person to suffer from. Often, it is people involved in heavy labor, who work under the hot sun, or those who work in hot temperatures that suffer from heat stress. Construction workers are commonly exposed to heat stress, especially when working in hot climates and during summers.What Factors Contribute to Heat Stress?Several factors contribute to heat stress, these include high air temperatures, high levels of humidity, direct exposure to the sun when working in open-to-sky works places, direct exposure to heat sources such as working in proximity to open fires, exposure to hot workplaces, workspaces with no ventilation or breeze, physical contact with hot objects, and arduous physical activities. Furthermore, workers who do jobs that require them to wear heavy clothing, waterproof clothes, and even personal protective clothing such as hazmat suits may succumb to heat illnesses.Who is Prone to Experience Heat Stress?Anyone can experience heat stress and related heat illnesses. However, according to the CDC, workers who are overweight, over the age of 65 years, diagnosed with high blood pressure or heart disease, or take prescription drugs that may have a negative impact from extreme heat are those at greater risk. In addition, workers undertaking the following work tasks such as welding, soldering, mining, farming, and firefighting; and those employed in construction work, working in confined spaces, and heat-generating manufacturing operations are also at greater risk.These workers must, therefore, be trained and given an adequate understanding of the dangers of heat stress and related heat illnesses as well as the causes and how to minimize their exposure. In case of contracting heat stress, workers must also be given training and guidance on immediate measures to offset heat stress and first aid that must be administered. HAZWOPER workers are given special training on managing exposure to heat stress and this is included as part of the initial OSHA HAZWOPER 40 Hour Training given to them.Types of Heat-Related IllnessesLet’s now briefly touch on the types of illnesses caused by heat stress.Heat StrokeThis is the most serious of all the illnesses that be contracted due to heat stress. When the body temperature rises rapidly and is unable to cool down then heatstroke can occur. As the body temperature can rise to 106 °F or higher within 10 to 15 minutes, heatstroke can have highly adverse effects on worker’s health resulting in permanent disability or, in the worst-case scenario, death.Heat ExhaustionThis is another type of illness, although it has less severe symptoms and consequences to good health. Heat exhaustion occurs when the human body is subject to an excessive loss of salt and water. This usually happens when a person sweats excessively and does not replace the lost fluids. While older workers and those with high blood pressure are at greater risk, any workers working in hot and humid temperatures may suffer from this illness. Construction workers are a good example.RhabdomyolysisThis is a serious medical condition linked to heat stress when workers are exposed to extended periods of physical labor. Rhabdomyolysis (also known as Rhabdo) occurs when electrolytes and proteins from damaged muscles are released into the bloodstream causing kidney and heart damage leading to other serious illnesses, permanent disability, and sometimes death.Sudden Fainting Spells and DizzinessExcessive exposure to heat can result in workers experiencing dizziness or fainting spells while they are standing for long periods or suddenly stand up. This can occur due to not having adjusted to the high temperatures, excessive heat in the work area, or dehydration. Often referred to as Heat Syncope it is a less serious form of heat illness and occurs when the blood flow to the brain is temporarily reduced due to exposure to very high temperatures.Heat CrampsPerspiration is a very common occurrence when working in hot conditions. So, workers in occupations ranging from construction to roadworks and those working in factories and small spaces in office complexes can suffer from excessive sweating. Such workers would be at risk to heat cramps as they would have lost a loss of water and salt due to sweating resulting in their muscles cramping because of the fall in sodium level in the body. Point to note, heat cramps are also a symptom of heat exhaustion.Heat RashAnother mild and curable, although very irritating sickness from heat stress is the forming of rashes on the skin, especially in areas such as the inner side of the elbow or behind the knees. Rashes are developed due to sweating and humid climate conditions resulting in blocked sweat ducts trapping the perspiration under the skin.For more details on symptoms and first-aid measures, check out the NIOSH website on heat-related illnesses.How Should Employers Protect Workers from Heat Stress?To safeguard employees from heat stress, employers should have in place a comprehensive and effective heat illness prevention program. In addition, training workers on the hazard related to heat stress and the related repercussions of heat illnesses should be given. This is especially critical when workers work in hot weather, are expected to work directly under the sun, or in workspaces that are hot and humid. Employers should also ensure that workers:are given adequate rest periods,are provided with sheltered and/or cool resting places,have easy access to cool drinking water,are given rotating work schedules or have modified working hours with adequate breaks for rest and drinking water,are encouraged to self-monitor against heat stress or have a system where workers keep tabs on colleagues, andare given use of protective clothing that provides cooling.It is also important to have a supervisor or a designated health and safety manager periodically monitoring workers' health and exposure levels to heat, as well as work conditions.In cases where workers are unused to the heat, they must be given time to acclimatize themselves before undertaking the full workload. In such instances, employers can gradually increase workloads and also provide these workers with more frequent and longer rest periods.And finally, assign a supervisor or a health and safety officer (basically a person with authority and responsibility) to check on workers’ health and exposure to the heat as well as monitor the conditions of work at the construction or other worksite.How Should Workers Protect Themselves?As important as it is for employers to offer adequate protection against heat stress, workers must also make sure to take care of themselves. So, employees must adhere to the following.Comprehend the signs and symptoms of heat stress.Ensure drinking enough water. Drinking water every 15 minutes and before you are thirsty is the expert’s recommendation. Monitor this with an alarm if it makes it easier!Try to work under a shade and avoid working directly under the sun.Monitor yourself and also keep an eye on your co-worker.Caffeinated drinks should be avoided, as should alcoholic beverages.Wear clothing that is loose-fitting, light-colored, and lightweight. If you must wear personal protective clothing, take breaks in a cool area, and ask your employer for types that are conducive to be used in hot conditions. References:Office Research Units, University of Iowa. (n.d.). Heat stress. Website. https://ehs.research.uiowa.edu/occupational/heat-stressOSHA. (2017). Protecting workers from heat stress. OSHA Quick Card. 

Decontamination: The Role Played in Safeguarding Worker Health and SafetyWhat is Decontamination?The removal or neutralization process of contaminants that have amassed on personal protective equipment (PPC), chemical protective clothing (CPC), and other tools and equipment used in hazardous waste sites or when working with hazardous substances is defined as decontamination.Why is Decontamination Important?Decontamination is commonly used to protect workers from the permeation of various hazardous materials and chemicals through protective clothing and respiratory equipment to their bodies. When workers undergo a decontamination process, it minimizes the transfer of contaminants into clean areas, non-contaminated surfaces, and people who have not been otherwise exposed to these harmful substances. The unrestrained transmission of poisonous and harmful materials to the community and the environment is also prevented when decontamination takes place. Decontamination also prevents the accidental mixing of incompatible chemicals further safeguarding the health of workers.Who is Eligible to Undergo the Decontamination Process?Any worker who is exposed to, or works with, hazardous materials and chemicals must undergo a decontamination process when they leave the contamination zone.What is a Decontamination Plan?The employer must have in place a Decontamination Plan before work begins at a hazardous worksite. This Decontamination Plan details all the elements as recommended by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to safeguard the health and safety of workers working at hazardous worksites. The Decontamination Plan will help employers to identify the hazards at the worksite, evaluate methods to prevent worker exposure to hazards, formalize procedures to prevent contamination of clean areas, understand the number and positioning of decontamination stations that will be required, and determine the best way to dispose of contaminated PPE and other equipment, among other aspects.Thus, the Decontamination Plan helps employers to design and execute a decontamination facility that will adequately address the needs of the decontamination process by considering the types of contamination, the factors affecting permeation of contaminants in PPE and respirators, as well as ensuring adequate and proper supplies for decontamination are always available.As with all occupational-related safety and health aspects, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates the process of decontamination on a worksite under the HAZWOPER regulation in 29 CFR 1910.120.Remember, the Decontamination Plan must be reviewed and revised periodically as well as when there are changes to hazards at the worksite, PPE, or equipment used to change, or when new information becomes available.What are the Types of Decontamination Methods?Effectively there are two main types of decontamination methods, the third is the combination of both. These are:Physical decontaminationChemical decontaminationPhysical and chemical decontaminationPhysical DecontaminationWhen decontamination takes place using methods such as scraping, brushing, rinsing, wiping, or any other means of displacement, this is referred to as the physical decontamination process. This type of decontamination method is normally the first to be used and is often done using water or heat. It is commonly used when hazardous substances in the form of dust or vapor are loosely stuck to and when glues, resins, and cement have adhered to PPE, tools, or equipment. As physical decontamination also includes ‘evaporation’, volatile liquids such as gasoline and ethanol can also be removed using this method of decontamination.Chemical DecontaminationChemical decontamination involves neutralizing a contaminant using a compatible chemical solution. This involves dissolving, solidifying, rinsing, sterilizing, or disinfecting the contaminant from the contaminated surface, equipment, tool, or protective clothing to which it is attached. Solvents, surfactants such as household detergents and soaps, and other chemical cleaning and disinfecting solutions are used in the chemical decontamination process. The chemical decontamination process is hence often a wash/rinse process.Combined Decontamination ProcessThere are instances when physical decontamination is inadequate, in this case, chemical decontamination must be done as well to ensure the complete removal of all contaminants from a worker’s PPE, and other equipment used at the hazardous worksite.Where Can You Learn More About Decontamination?This article gives an overview for employers and employees to understand the importance of decontamination in safeguarding the health of workers in an occupational setting, especially in hazardous worksites. To learn more and gain an in-depth understanding, enroll today in our OSHA 40-Hour HAZWOPER Training course. If you are already certified, then you can refresh your training with our OSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER Refresher Training course. All our courses are updated regularly and use modern teaching methods to make training effective.

What is HAZWOPER and What is its Purpose? Many people have heard of HAZWOPER, and others are excessively familiar with the term as they use it all the time. HAZWOPER is the acronym used for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Rescue. It is a set of rules and regulations which have been developed and implemented by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) under legislation enacted by congress to safeguard the health of workers working in and exposed to hazardous substances in their workplace. So, what exactly is HAZWOPER all about, what does it mean for employees, and what is its exact purpose? Let us help you unravel all that is HAZWOPER and better understand its background and purpose. HAZWOPER Definition Let us start with the definition. HAZWOPER is the short form used for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Rescue. Through the HAZWOPER standards, OSHA regulates all hazardous waste operations and emergency services in the United States and its territories. The idea behind the HAZWOPER standard is to regulate the operations and activities of workers employed by hazardous waste operators and emergency rescue service organizations. Thus, the HAZWOPER standards enable workers to adopt proper and appropriate procedures to safely handle, store, transport, cleanup, and dispose of hazardous materials that they may work with as part of their job responsibilities. Development of the HAZWOPER Standard OSHA was formed under the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act after President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1970. The predominant purpose of OSHA was to propagate and administer health and safety guidelines and standards to protect employees while at work. To fulfill this purpose and to address the need to safeguard workers employed in various industries, as well as worker exposure to countless hazards in the workplace, OSHA segregated its regulatory standards into four broad categories. These are: General Industry – covered under 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910); Construction Industry – covered under 29 CFR 1926; Maritime Industry (shipyards, marine terminals, longshoring) – covered under 29 CFR 1915 to 1919); and Agriculture Industry – covered under 29 CFR 1928. As time went by, OSHA continued to develop and implement standards to meet the needs under the OSH Act and to fulfill its organizational directives. Then, in 1986, when President Reagan signed into law the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA), OSHA was required to develop, implement, and monitor regulations aimed at protecting employees engaged in Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). This brought about the development of the HAZWOPER standard. SARA also was relevant to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and congress required the EPA to develop regulations aligned to the OSHA HAZWOPER standard. Thus, where there is no state-approved OSHA Plan, employers are required to follow the EPA HAZWOPER regulations to protect their workers from injury and illness prevalent due to hazardous material usage in the workplace. Today, OSHA has several regulatory standards dedicated to different work aspects and associated hazard exposures that workers may possibly encounter while fulfilling their job tasks. In instances where hazards are present in the workplace, but no specific regulatory standard addresses these hazards, OSHA advocated following the General Duty Clause. The HAZWOPER Standards OSHA’s initial proposed HAZWOPER standard was introduced in 1987 and covered under 52 Federal Register (FR) 29620. The final HAZWOPER standard was published in 1989 under 54 FR 9294-9336. OSHA’s HAZWOPER standard became effective on March 6, 1990, covered under 29 CFR 1926.65 and 29 CFR 1910.120 for the construction and general industry categories, respectively. It is worth noting that both standards are identical and aim to effectively protect workers when handling hazardous substances. Organizations/Employers Covered by the HAZWOPER Standard According to the section on the HAZWOPER standard on the OSHA website, the HAZWOPER standard covers employers performing the following general categories of work operations: Hazardous waste site cleanup operations; Operations involving hazardous waste conducted at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities; and Emergency response operations involving hazardous substance releases. (OSHA, n.d). Key Elements of the HAZWOPER Standard The HAZWOPER standard uses distinct and specific language to specify its requirements that employers are required to strictly adhere to. The following are the key elements that form the HAZWOPER standard: Site Analysis – to be performed to ascertain the existence and scope of any hazards at a worksite. Medical Surveillance – employees must be given both pre-employment and post-employment medical evaluations. Employees working in the longer term with hazardous materials must also be sent for medical evaluation at periodic intervals. This is especially important when workers are required to wear respirators to protect against toxins and other air contaminants at the worksite. Implementation of the Hierarchy of Controls – Elimination, Substitution, Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls, Work Practice Controls, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Air Monitoring – both area and personal air monitoring to be done before work begins, while work is ongoing, and during and after cleanup of a hazardous waste site. Decontamination Procedures – decontamination procedures are to be strictly followed when workers wear PPE to carry out work tasks at the worksite. Emergency Response Plans – employers must have an emergency response plan in place and ensure workers are aware of the relevant information so that they can act accordingly in case of an emergency. Informational Programs for employees – such as regular meetings and access to hazard-related documents such as safety data sheets (SDSs), health and safety plans, etc. Training to be given to Employees. HAZWOPER Training Requirements Training employees is a critical element of the HAZWOPER standard. The standard has set different training levels for employees involved in various occupations at hazardous waste sites and for different exposure levels. In total, OSHA has developed 18 training programs and segregated these HAZWOPER training programs into three main levels. The employee training covers both onsite and online training. Section (E) Training covers training for general site workers engaged in operations conducted at hazardous waste sites that may or may not expose them to hazardous substances. Section (P) Training covers training for workers engaged in certain hazardous waste operations conducted under the RCRA and at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities. Section (Q) Training covers training for workers engaged in emergency response operations for release of, or substantial threat of release of, hazardous substances without regard to the location of the hazard. For more details on the HAZWOPER training requirements, read our blog titled HAZMAT and HAZWOPER: What is the Difference? Who Needs HAZWOPER Training? Any employee working with hazardous substances, whether on a permanent or temporary basis, and engaged in work operations where they handle, store, treat, or dispose of hazardous materials should be given HAZWOPER training. Workers who may be exposed to, or potentially exposed to,  hazardous substances should also be given adequate training by employers. Workers exposed to contaminated substances at hazardous waste sites that exceed the Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) and wear the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) must also be provided with HAWOPER training. For more details refer to the HAZWOPER standard on training. Training Offered by HAZWOPER-OSHA for Workers to Become HAZWOPER Certified The following training courses are offered by us: Section (e) training programs - the OSHA 40-Hour HAZWOPER initial training, the OSHA 24-Hour HAZWOPER initial training, and the OSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER refresher training. We also offer both Section (p) training courses - the OSHA 24-Hour HAZWOPER – RCRA TSD Operations Training and the OSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER Annual Refresher – RCRA TSD Operations Training. Enroll in the HAZWOPER Section (e) or HAZWOPER Section (p) training courses today to safeguard your employees while on the worksite. Choose the training course that most suits your training needs. We offer this training in three formats - online training, in-person on-site group training, and virtual instructor-led training (ILT). Reference: OSHA. (n.d). Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). Background. Website. https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/hazardous-waste-operations

Effective Respiratory Protection: How to Choose a Suitable Respirator For those familiar with the Hierarchy of Controls developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to determine the most effective control measures to be adopted in the workplace, you will also realize that respirator protection falls within the purview of personal protective equipment (PPE). However, while PPE may be considered as the last level for the protection of the health and safety of workers, respirators and other types of PPE are still widely used across industries to safeguard the health of workers working with hazardous substances. Furthermore, according to OSHA, any employer (workplace) requiring employees to use respirators for protection from fumes, dusts, gases, smoke, low oxygen levels, etc., must comply with OSHA’s Respiratory Protection Standard 29 CFR 1910.134. Today, the COVID-19 pandemic has made respiratory protection still more widespread. Now, not only do workers across industries exposed to hazardous materials, dangerous chemicals, and other non-conducive safe breathing environments require respiratory protection, but so do the public who have never once considered wearing a facemask before the year 2020. In fact, the general awareness of respiratory protection has considerably increased in this pandemic year, and with it, the utter chaos and confusion as to the types of facemask and/or respirators to use for optimal protection. So, how do we choose the “right” type of respirator dependent on factors such as personal health levels, occupations, and exposure to hazardous atmospheres? Read on and learn more. Choosing the Right Type of Facemask to Protect Against COVID-19 Fabric Masks Surgical/Medical Masks N95 Masks or Filtering Facepiece (FFP) Made of cotton or synthetic fabric, maybe one, two, or three layers. Made of three layers of synthetic nonwoven materials with filtration layers sandwiched in the middle. Uses an electrostatic filter to capture particles, including viruses. Some N95-masks have valves. Degree of Protection Protects others from the wearer's respiratory emissions and offers the wearer some protection. Protects others from the wearer's respiratory emissions and offers the wearer some protection. Protects others from respiratory emissions and reduces wearer's exposure to particles. Effectiveness Ranges between 26% to 80% depending on the type of fabric used and the number of layers. Greater protection than fabric masks but lower protection than an N95 mask or equivalent. The N95 mask is 95% effective in blocking both small and large particles. Breathability If made of cotton fabric breathing would not be a problem, but a synthetic fabric may cause difficulty and feel hot. Breathable Would require some practice and getting used to. Breathing may be difficult. Area Covered Nose and Mouth Nose and Mouth Nose and Mouth Fit Can be either tight-fitting or loose-fitting Loose-fitting Tight-fitting, creates a seal Reusability Washable and reusable Single-use Single-use or reusable (depends on the type being used) WHO Recommendation A three-layer structure For healthcare workers, people with Covid-19 symptoms, those coming into contact with them, anyone aged 60 or over, or vulnerable individuals. For healthcare workers taking part in high-risk, aerosol-generating procedures. (Source: LaMotte, 2021) The above table should act as guidance for anyone who wants to protect themselves against the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. Types of Respirators Available to Protect Workers from Hazardous Atmospheres and Environments in the Workplace For employees who must work in areas that have hazardous atmospheres or are at risk of exposure to airborne contaminants from chemicals, radioactive materials, or biological substances, require a higher level of respiratory protection according to OSHA. As such, employers are required to develop a comprehensive Respiratory Protection Program, provide workers with the right fit respirator, and train them on the correct use of these respirators. Below are the two main types of respirators available for use by such workers. Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs) These types of respirators filter the air that is breathed in from the environment. APRs are further categorized as below: Type of Respirators Description Particulate-Removing APRs They use particulate filters to remove dusts, fumes, mists, toxic dusts,  asbestos-containing fibers, or a combination of these from the air being breathed by workers. NIOSH has given 10 different classifications for particulate filters, with each designed for a specific type of airborne contaminant at a particular efficiency rating. Gas and Vapor Removing APRs These are designed with canisters and cartridges that trap the gas and vapors from a hazardous environment before they can enter the workers’ respiratory tract. Different types of canisters and cartridges are used to trap different types of gases and vapors. Combination Cartridge/Filter APRs These types of respirators protect against both particulates as well as gases and vapors. Based on the types of hazards in the atmosphere, different combinations of particulate and gas/vapor cartridges have to be used. Air-Supplying Respirators (ASRs) These types of respirators pump fresh air into the facepiece that is not inhaled from the outside. This means that these respirators have an attached oxygen tank from which air is breathed. ASRs are further categorized as: Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)The SCBA is the most popular type of air-supplying respirators. The SCBA contains a full-piece facemask and a canister that holds the oxygen from which the wearer of the SCBA unit gets his/her breathing air. The canisters are worn on the back. The SCBA equipment can be very heavy, sometimes around 30 pounds, and it requires special training to use. Type of Respirators Description Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs) SARs, also known as airline respirators, receives air from a connecting hose and a distant cylinder or air compressor. So, workers do not have to carry their air on their backs. Besides, respirators can also be classified as tight or loose-fitting, positive or negative pressure, demand or pressure-demand airflow, entry and escape vs. escape only, and open or closed-circuit respirators. Online Training for Workers For those of you who are employed in hazardous waste operations or in industries where the risk of atmospheric contamination or exposure to chemicals is high, information on respiratory protection is part of the training given in the relevant OSHA-compliant online training programs. So, review our course list and enroll in the training that best suits you. However, our OSHA 40-Hour HAZWOPER Training course provides in-depth information on respiratory protection for those who are employed in hazardous waste operations and emergency response!  Reference: LaMotte. S. (2021, January 26). COVID-19 masks: Which mask is best for you, and when to use it? CNN. Website. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/25/health/covid-19-masks-which-is-best-wellness/index.html

Confined Space Protective Measures Many construction industry workers find themselves working in small spaces with limited ventilation and access. These areas are known as confined spaces, examples of which include manholes, silos, pipelines, columns, and crawl spaces. Work tasks carried out in a confined space can range from building these to structures to undertaking routine tasks such as cleaning, welding, repairing, and inspecting. As confined space environs can be hazardous to employees, they must be trained to understand the inherent hazards of working in confined spaces and be armed with the knowledge required to protect themselves when working in any space which meets the definition of a confined space. To support the occupational health and safety of employees, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has developed a confined space standard that should be followed by construction industry workers whose job tasks necessitate their regular entry into confined spaces. Furthermore, employers are also responsible for ensuring that workers are provided with the necessary training, tools, and equipment when working in confined spaces for their increased safety. Worth noting, are the disparate definitions given by OSHA for a ‘permit-required confined space’ and a ‘non-permit required confined space’. Understanding the difference is critical as the safety measures that must be implemented vary as does the consent given for workers to enter these confined spaces. Before moving onto the section on the protective measures that must be employed to reduce the risk of workers succumbing to widespread dangers that exist in a confined space, this article will briefly explain the difference between a ‘permit-required confined space’ and a  ‘non-permit required confined space’. Permit-Required Confined Space OSHA labels some confined spaces as a ‘permit-required confined space’ or a ‘permit space’. To identify if a confined space meets the requirements of a permit space it should satisfy one or more of the following attributes that would hamper an employee’s capability to leave the confined space in an emergency. Have a hazardous atmosphere or the potential for developing a hazardous atmosphere. Be a space that can cause an engulfment hazard due to the type of goods/substances stores in the area (e.g., silos). Be a space that has walls that narrow the open space at the top as they converge inward or have a downward sloping floor leading to a still smaller area. Be a space that is recognized as comprising safety or health hazards for workers (e.g., very hot temperatures, exposed electrical wires, and/or unguarded machinery and equipment. Thus, such permit-required confined spaces require specific and extensive protective measures and employers must develop extensive health and safety policies and protocols before work begins. Employers must develop a Permit-Required Confined Space Program. Workers who are expected to carry out work tasks must first obtain a permit to be able to enter such a confined space before fulfilling their job responsibilities. They must also adhere to the conditions and restrictions as set out by the permit and the related permit space safety plans of their employer. Non-Permit Required Confined Space Confined spaces that do not satisfy any of the four points mention for being designated as a ‘permit-required confined space’ would still be a confined space, but the potential for atmospheric and physical hazards to workers would be lower, and as such fewer protective measures may be required. Workers do not have to obtain a permit before entering such a confined space, and they can enter such confined spaces without any restrictions. However, employers must remember that this space is still a confined space, and safety plans and precautions must be in place for such spaces before workers begin work. Safety Measures for Confined Spaces The Hierarchy of Controls is a good tool to use to ensure worker health and safety when working in confined spaces. The five levels of controls can be used to eliminate or substitute the hazards in a confined space, and if this is not possible (which unfortunately is more common than most of us realize) then employers can use a combination of engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE) to reduce safety risk faced by workers. The following are some protective measures suggested by OSHA’s confined space standard to safeguard workers while they work in confined spaces. These hazard control measures are especially important when the confined space is established as a permit space. Atmosphere Testing and Monitoring Before entering a confined space, it is important to test the atmosphere for the presence of hazardous gases. Testing of the air quality is also important as either low or high levels of oxygens are risky for workers’ health and safety. Depending on the level of toxins in the air, regular monitoring of the atmosphere will also be required as long as workers occupy a confined space. Testing of the atmosphere must be done using different devices as no one device can test for the different types of toxins present in the atmosphere. There are many types of air testing and monitoring devices including combustible gas indicators (CGIs), colorimetric tubes, electrochemical sensors, and other digital devices that help detect different types of toxic gases, oxygen levels, and flammability of the atmosphere. To minimize or remove the toxic atmosphere from confined spaces, and make it safer for worker occupation, methods such as purging, inerting, and ventilation can be used. However, when such actions are taken, employers should ensure that it is done carefully and aligned to stated OSHA guidelines. Furthermore, OSHA also guides on acceptable levels of toxins in the air as well as safe oxygen levels. Isolation This safety measure refers to isolating the hazards or risks from the workers entering the confined space to prevent any physical hazards prevalent in the space. Hence, if the confined space holds electronic, electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic devices; then methods include lockout/tagout, blanking or blinding, double block and bleed procedures, chaining valves, and barricading the space may be used to isolate these hazards and increase worker protection. If the confined space contains chemicals or other hazardous materials, then workers must be given the requisite training on the safe use of such toxic substances and these materials must be stored to reduce the possibility of unintentional spillage. Use of PPE Employers must also supply workers expected to enter and work in confined spaces with the requisite PPE depending on the identified dangers prevalent in the space. Respirators, protective clothes such as overalls, gloves, safety boots, and hard hats; and if working in a confined space at heights then fall protection equipment must also be provided. Workers should also be trained on the proper donning and doffing of PPE and understand the use of PPE, especially when provided with respirators or self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units. Stationing an Attendant at the Entrance to the Confined Space As per regulations, any permit-required confined space must have a full-time attendant outside this space as long as workers (known as entrants) occupy the confined space. Attendants’ duties include monitoring the safety of the entry of workers, monitoring the confined space atmosphere as required, alerting relevant personnel during an emergency, and assisting workers in the confined space during an emergency. Attendants must be given the proper training on the prevailing hazards and rescue and emergency protocols of a confined space. Developing Emergency and Rescue Procedures Employers must have a comprehensive plan in the case of an emergency in a confined space. Details should include what entrants and attendants must do in an emergency as well as the types of rescue operations to be used in different situations. All relevant equipment must be available for use, and all workers working in and around confined spaces must be given adequate training. Training to Safeguard Workers A recurring theme in most of the protective measures was for employers to provide comprehensive training for workers on the myriad aspects of working in confined spaces. While this article provides an overview of the protective measures required for protecting workers expected to enter and work in confined spaces, for in-depth understanding and learning, enroll in our OSHA Confined Space Awareness Training for the construction industry. We also provide this course on-site in person for larger groups. Call us for more information.

HAZMAT and HAZWOPER: What is the Difference? For employers and employees working with hazardous materials, dangerous substances, and other toxic chemicals, HAZMAT and HAZWOPER are important terms to note. Some workers may even use these acronyms interchangeably, which is not accurate. This can cause confusion amongst workers, especially when it comes to fulfilling job training requirements. With the many training courses required by the different agencies and regulatory bodies, choosing the correct training is important but also sometimes complicated for first-time employees working in hazardous waste operations or working with hazardous materials. We will try to de-mystify the terms HAZMAT and HAZWOPER, and also discuss the different online training programs available for employees working with hazardous wastes and hazardous materials. What is HAZWOPER? HAZWOPER stands for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response, a standard developed and managed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The HAZWOPER Standard aims to offer comprehensive guidance on worker safety and health when they handle or use HAZMAT, hazardous waste, or engage in emergency operations related to hazardous waste cleaning. So, essentially, HAZWOPER is the set of rules and regulations that provide guidance on the proper handling, storage, transportation, and clean-up of any type or form of hazardous materials. What is HAZMAT? HAZMAT, however, is an abbreviation commonly used for hazardous material. Sometimes written as HazMat or even hazmat, HAZMAT refers to biological or radiological substances, other toxic chemicals, or even nuclear waste in liquid, solid, gaseous, or any other form that is harmful to the health and safety of people, may cause property damage, or be a risk to the environment. Thus, HAZMAT refers to the hazardous material itself. Having understood the difference between HAZWOPER and HAZMAT, let us consider how workers working in hazardous waste operations and those working with hazardous materials (HAZMAT) should be trained. HAZWOPER Training Requirements As HAZWOPER is an OSHA-developed Standard, it specifies several training requirements for workers employed by hazardous waste site cleanup operations; companies involved in hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD facilities); and emergency response operations involving hazardous substance releases (OSHA, n.d). OSHA has segregated the HAZWOPER training into three major levels and specified a total of 18 training programs for different levels of exposure to hazardous waste as shown below. SECTION (E) SECTION (P) SECTION (Q) Training for general site workers engaged in operations conducted at hazardous waste sites that may or may not expose them to hazardous substances. Training for workers engaged in certain hazardous waste operations conducted under the RCRA and at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities. Training for workers engaged in emergency response operations for release of, or substantial threat of release of, hazardous substances without regard to the location of the hazard. Six (6) HAZWOPER training courses fall under this section. Two (2) HAZWOPER training courses fall under this section. There are 5 levels of emergency responder training and 10 HAZWOPER training courses fall under this section. 1) 40-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Initial 7) 24-hr TSDF Worker (p) – Initial 9) First Responder Awareness – Initial 2) 24-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Initial 8) 8-Hour HAZWOPER (p) – Refresher 10) First Responder Operations – Initial 3) 16-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Upgrade 11) Hazardous Materials Technician – Initial 4) 8-Hour HAZWOPER Supervisor (e) – Initial 12) Hazardous Materials Specialist – Initial 5) 8-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Refresher 13) Incident Commander- Initial 6) 8-Hour HAZWOPER Supervisor (e) – Refresher 14) First Responder Awareness – Refresher 15) First Responder Operations – Refresher 16) Hazardous Materials Technician – Refresher 17) Hazardous Materials Specialist Refresher 18) Incident Commander – Refresher SECTION (E) SECTION (P) SECTION (Q) Training for general site workers engaged in operations conducted at hazardous waste sites that may or may not expose them to hazardous substances. Training for workers engaged in certain hazardous waste operations conducted under the RCRA and at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities. Training for workers engaged in emergency response operations for release of, or substantial threat of release of, hazardous substances without regard to the location of the hazard. Six (6) HAZWOPER training courses fall under this section. Two (2) HAZWOPER training courses fall under this section. There are 5 levels of emergency responder training and 10 HAZWOPER training courses that fall under this section. 1) 40-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Initial 7) 24-hr TSDF Worker (p) – Initial 9) First Responder Awareness – Initial 2) 24-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Initial 8) 8-Hour HAZWOPER (p) – Refresher 10) First Responder Operations – Initial 3) 16-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Upgrade 11) Hazardous Materials Technician – Initial 4) 8-Hour HAZWOPER Supervisor (e) – Initial 12) Hazardous Materials Specialist – Initial 5) 8-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Refresher 13) Incident Commander- Initial 6) 8-Hour HAZWOPER Supervisor (e) – Refresher 14) First Responder Awareness – Refresher 15) First Responder Operations – Refresher 16) Hazardous Materials Technician – Refresher 17) Hazardous Materials Specialist Refresher 18) Incident Commander – Refresher The most basic of these training programs and one that the majority of workers working for HAZWOPER operations will undoubtedly undergo is the OSHA HAZWOPER 40-Hour initial training course. The other training programs are specific to supervisors, emergency responders, and those working with hazardous materials. Workers are also required to undergo annual HAZWOPER refresher training to ensure their knowledge remains relevant and up-to-date. RCRA Training As hazardous wastes are also under the purview of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the EPA has developed the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to help with the proper management of hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste. The EPA has the authority to control hazardous waste across all stages of existence, from generation through to its treatment, storage, and disposal. In effect, the EPA takes a ‘cradle-to-grave’ approach to hazardous waste management. Thus, employees working in hazardous waste operations must understand and comply with these rules, regulations, and guidelines. Resultantly, there is a dedicated RCRA Hazardous Waste Generator Training and RCRA Hazardous Waste Generator Refresher Training for employees involved in hazardous waste operations. HAZMAT Training As HAZMAT means hazardous materials, is there any specific training that employees must undergo? It is worth noting that any workers working in any industry, including construction, mining, medical, maritime, and shipbuilding; and expected to work with hazardous materials such as asbestos, hydrogen sulfide, silica, lead, bloodborne pathogens, etc., must be trained and aware of the dangers of working with hazardous substances and chemicals as well as methods to reduce exposure. DOT HAZMAT Training Then, there is also DOT HAZMAT training. Sometimes industry professionals may refer to this as HAZMAT training, my omitting ‘DOT’. DOT which is the acronym for the U.S. Department of Transportation has a set of rules and regulations in place for the transportation of hazardous materials by highway, rail, air, or sea. The DOT HAZMAT training gives guidance on how to safely transport hazardous materials in-country as well as the formalities and practices that must be followed when importing and exporting hazardous substances. In effect, the DOT HAZMAT training is function-specific training. Those involved in hazardous waste transport operations must undergo the relevant training to be aware of the relevant regulatory requirements when transporting HAZMAT. Here's the list of DOT Hazmat Transportation Training courses offered by us. The Right Training for the Right Type of Hazardous Work First, it is important to understand the different types of training required by the different governing bodies — OSHA’s HAZWOPER Standard, the EPA’s RCRA, and the DOT. Then, depending on the work being carried out as well as the stage at which the worker is involved when handling hazardous wastes, the correct training course must be chosen. Sometimes, to complete all the diverse training requirements required by various job tasks and job roles, workers may have to undertake multiple training courses This will ensure that training covers diverse topics to be fully conversant with the relevant laws, regulations, guidelines, frameworks, systems, and most importantly, relevant health and safety protocols and procedures. We offer a gamut of HAZWOPER and OSHA-compliant training programs in addition to the RCRA Waste Generator Training courses. Click here for more information.   References OSHA. (n.d). Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). Background. Website. https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/hazardous-waste-operations

What is GHS and what is its Connection with OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard? Everyone working in risky occupations and with hazardous chemicals should be familiar with OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard, or at the least, the parts that apply to their work responsibilities. Now, we also have GHS in the mix. So, what is GHS and why do so many training programs emphasize Hazard Communication with GHS? More importantly, what is OSHA’s connection to GHS? GHS Explained GHS stands for the ‘Globally Harmonized System of the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals’. GHS was developed by the United Nations to standardize the way in which chemicals are labeled and recognized across different countries so that there would be uniformity in the identification and understanding of the dangers associated with toxic chemicals that are exported and imported to and from different countries. In effect, the GHS acts as a standardized guideline for labeling and classifying chemicals from manufacture through to transportation, distribution, and handling of these chemicals when used in various industries and the production of goods.  The GHS will help to; Define the health, physical, and environmental hazards of chemicals; Create a classification process for chemicals by using available data for comparing with the defined hazard criteria; and Direct the communication of the hazard information and related protective measures by using appropriate labeling criteria and by developing Safety Data Sheets (SDSs); and providing established symbols and language that can be used for each hazard class and hazard category. The GHS is often referred to as the ‘The Purple Book’ (likely, because of its color) and can be used by countries to develop or modify existing chemical hazard classifications. While it is not standard or law, the GHS is a helpful tool, giving comprehensive guidance to chemical manufacturers and suppliers to ascertain and determine the hazard levels of their products and use a regimented framework for the preparation of labels and SDSs. OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard, abbreviated as HCS, was developed to ensure all chemicals produced or imported into the United States are classified and the pertinent information regarding chemicals and related chemical hazards are shared with employers and employees. This means that chemical manufacturers, importers, and distributors are obligated to share information on the dangers of these toxic chemicals and their compositions with people using these chemicals. Similarly, employers are also expected to provide data, and train employees on the different dangers of chemicals being used in the workplace. Relevant and complete chemical information must be transferred from the point of chemical manufacture and downstream to the chemical user and the employee. The HCS applies across industries and occupations in which workers use or are exposed to hazardous chemicals, including the construction industry, shipyards, marine terminals, longshoring, and other general industries. GHS and HCS Now that we have grasped the difference between GHS and HCS, let us understand the interlinked relationship between the GHS guidelines and OSHA’s revised HCS. When the United States officially adopted the GHS in 2012, OSHA also adopted the GHS framework to further safeguard the health and safety of employees working with and handling chemicals as part of their job tasks. In order to align the HCS with the GHS, OSHA revised its Hazard Communication Standard, known as ‘HazCom 2012’. By taking this proactive step, OSHA has not only increased protection efforts towards workers from chemical exposure but helped reduce the confusion of having the same chemical marked with different hazard levels or other contradictory requirements. Furthermore, by aligning with the GHS, OSHA has also accommodated greater ease for the import and export of chemicals between other countries and the United States. This is because there is now a cohesive approach to communicating hazard information on labels and safety data sheets across borders. Besides, by doing this, OSHA has also encouraged employers to improve their hazard communication programs and ensure employees now comprehend chemical hazards and relevant protective measures. Some Key Changes of the HCS 2012 Since the revision, the focus of the HSC is to empower employees by giving them the ‘right to understand’ the risks of working with hazardous chemicals. Thus, the main changes of the HCS are concentrated in these five areas that have been modified to accommodate the GHS guidelines and systems for chemical classification. Hazard Classification – must now follow specific criteria for the classification of health and physical hazards; Labels – aligned to GHS guidelines that have six standardized elements that include a harmonized signal word, pictogram, and hazard statement for each hazard class and category, as well as the necessity to provide precautionary statements; Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) – aligned to GHS where the information must be strictly laid-out and adhere to the specified 16-section format of the SDS; Training for Employees – must now include comprehensive understanding and recognition of the new labeling format and safety data sheets structure, and The need for a Written Hazard Communication Program. Resultantly, the HCS now facilitates a cohesive hazard communication process by requiring both Labels and SDSs of chemicals to follow a standardized format and by developing consistent criteria to be applied to chemical classifications based on their physical and health hazards. Learn More about GHS and HCS This article gives a brief overview of the interconnectedness of OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard with the GHS. To learn more, especially, the details of how to classify chemicals and hazards, what rules to follow, and how to read and understand chemical labels and Safety Data Sheet information, enroll in our OSHA Hazard Communication with GHS training program, and be more conversant and confident to handle chemical hazards and exposures in the workplace.

Expired HAZWOPER 40, 24, and 8 Hour Training CertificationsWhat to do if Your HAZWOPER 40-Hour, 24-Hour, or 8-Hour Refresher Training Certificate Expires?All HAZWOPER workers are well aware that it is important to keep their OSHA 40 hour and 24-hour HAZWOPER training up to date. However, while we know that we must take the 8-Hour HAZWOPER Refresher training course annually, as is human nature, we sometimes forget the time has come and gone! Hence, there are many instances when workers face the situation where their 40 hour or 24-hour HAZWOPER training completion certificate has expired as they were unable to complete the 8-hour Refresher training program within 12 months of completing their initial HAZWOPER training. It is also common for workers’ 8-hour Refresher HAZWOPER training completion certificates to have lapsed. So, what happens when one of these HAZWOPER training certificates expires? Does this mean that the worker must take the initial 40 hour or 24-hour HAZWOPER training program again? Or will sitting for the 8-hour refresher training suffice? Does OSHA give some leeway and allow workers to renew lapsed HAZWOPER training certificates?Let’s find out what OSHA has to say by using a few scenarios.Training Requirement for Lapsed HAZWOPER Training CertificatesOSHA, in its HAZWOPER Standard FAQs section on its website, and in a Standard Interpretation Letter dated March 12, 1993, guides the type of HAZWOPER training requirements when workers’ certificates lapse or expire due to various reasons.Scenario 1:Gary and Ellen have been working in the hazardous waste industry for quite some time. They are both experienced hazardous waste workers and are also capable and remain active in their jobs. Both of them had to complete their annual 8-hour HAZWOPER refresher training on or before   January 15, 2021. However, things got away from Gary and Ellen fell ill, resulting in both of them missing their deadline for renewing their HAZWOPER training certificate. What can they do now?A: As both Gary and Ellen are familiar with their workplace and the relevant safety and health processes and procedures at their workplace and job site, although their refresher training has lapsed and the certificate expired, they can repeat the 8-hour HAZWOPER refresher training course. However, the employer must make a note of the delay and when the training will be completed in their employee records (OSHA, n.d.).NOTE: The general rule is to complete the 8-hour HAZWOPER refresher training on or before the anniversary date of the worker’s initial training.Scenario 2:Peter completed the 40-hour and Jane the 24-hour HAZWOPER training course in December 2019. They know they needed to complete their refresher training within 12 months of completing their initial HAZWOPER training. However, they both forgot to take the refresher course in December 2020. It is now January 2021. What should they do?A: In this case too, Peter and Jane will both have to take the 8-hour HAZWOPER refresher training. OSHA in its Standard Interpretation Letter states, “The employee who misses a refresher training should attend the next available refresher course. Please note that in some states operating their own OSHA-approved state safety and health program, refresher training must be completed by the exact anniversary of the initial training” (OSHA 1993, paragraph 4).Scenario 3:Crawford has been working in hazardous waste operations for one year and completed his initial training before he began work. Drew has been working in the hazardous waste industry for the last two years. Both were due to take the 8-hour HAZWOPER refresher training course on or before the end of November 2020. Both missed their refresher training deadline, and their training certification has lapsed. Crawford and Drew have also been making mistakes in following protocols at the worksite in the few months. What training requirement must they now fulfill?A: As Crawford’s initial HAZWOPER training certificate has lapsed and he is also making mistakes, his employer may require him to retake the initial HAZWOPER training course. Although Drew would have taken the 8-hour refresher training in the previous year, due to the errors in following protocols and procedures, his employer may realize a need for additional training, thereby requiring that Drew also retake either the 40-hour or 24-hour initial HAZWOPER training course.Scenario 4:Junius has not worked in hazardous waste operations for some time now (about 2 years). When he used to work in the industry in the past, he did complete both the initial HAZWOPER training and the refresher 8-hour HAZWOPER training. Now, that he has decided to return to work, which training program must he complete – the 40-hour, 24-hour, or 8-hour refresher? A: The need for the training based on absence from working in hazardous waste operations must be decided on a case-by-case basis. If employees can demonstrate competency then retraining is not required. Consider the following to better understand an employee’s training needs after an absence.What is Junius’s capabilities regarding ‘information retention’?Whether Junius worked for a considerable period in the hazardous waste industry in the past? As more time spent working in the industry would result in greater retention of information and knowledge.It is important to also consider the relevance of the past training that Junius completed. Have there been any significant changes in the standard and the requirement for training by OSHA in the last two years?Also, consider the specific work tasks and activities that Junius will do now? Is it significantly different from what he did in the past?Also, consider the difference in operations and processes between his previous employer and the current employer.OSHA’s Standard Interpretation Letter also states, “In many cases, a two-year absence from hazardous waste work would not necessitate repetition of the course materials of the initial 24-hour or 40-hour training, and refresher training by itself could be sufficient. However, a seven-year absence would clearly indicate a need for extensive retraining, with particular attention given to new technology. In such cases, the employer may wish to consider repeating the initial [HAZWOPER] training course” (1993, paragraph 7).If Junius had been away for more than three or four years, then his employer may decide that he needs to repeat a lot of the initial training to ensure the necessary skills and knowledge to work again in the hazardous waste industry. Thus, the training requirement would exceed more than the 8-Hour refresher training. However, the determination of the length of the training requirement is left to his employer.As Junius is a new employee, the employer is still required to provide site-specific training and supervised field experience before he starts working.Enroll for Training: Do Let Your HAZWOPER Training Certificate Lapse!We offer all five HAZWOPER Level (e) Training courses.OSHA 40-Hour HAZWOPEROSHA 24-Hour HAZWOPEROSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER RefresherOSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER SupervisorOSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER Supervisor RefresherMake your choice based on employer requirements and enroll here today! Reference:OSHA. (n.d.). HAZWOPER Training FAQs. Website. https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/hazardous-waste-operations/faq-hazpower#faq4OSHA. (1993). Standard Interpretation Letter (from Jim Heringer, Administrator Corporate Industrial Hygiene and Safety, Harding Lawson Associates). Website. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/standardinterpretations/1993-03-12

Inherent Dangers of Working in a Confined Space What comes to mind when you hear the term ‘confined space’? A small area. Not enough area to do something or keep something. Limited area to work in. Well, all these descriptions would be acceptable for a layman. However, employees who regularly or periodically work in a confined space would most likely explain a confined space as an area that has limited access and may not necessarily be designed to be used by people, but may nevertheless, be used by workers who are required to carry out certain specified job tasks within such an area (OSHA, n.d.). From this explanation, we also realize that a confined space is not restricted to any one occupation or industry. Confined spaces are found in most workplaces, as well as in schools, offices, homes, and even in ships and cargo vessels. Here are some examples of confined spaces: HVAC Ducts, Crawl Spaces, Underground Tanks, Manholes, Attics, Ceilings, Concrete Pier Columns, Turbines, and Drilled Shafts. What is a Confined Space? This explanation given above is very much aligned with what the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) describes as a confined space. According to OSHA, to designate an area as a confined space, this area must meet the following three criteria. Be large enough and so configured that an employee can fully enter it; Have limited or restricted means of entry and exit; and Not be designed for continuous occupancy (OSHA, n.d.). Furthermore, confined spaces are generally grouped into the following two categories: Open-top enclosures that are deep enough to restrict the natural flow of air (e.g., pits and excavations). Areas with limited entry and exit points (e.g., silos, tanks, storm drains, silos, elevator shafts, and transformers). Confined Space Hazards Employees working in confined spaces are faced with myriad hazards including noxious vapor, fires, explosions, and lack of oxygen, as well as physical hazards. The dangerous circumstances workers encounter is linked to the type of work processes being done, the materials and tools being used, the goods being stored, and the general environment of the space. Besides, there can be instances when atmosphere contamination may occur due to manufacturing processes and other activities being carried-out nearby producing poisonous gases that invade and collect in confined spaces. If confined spaces are below ground such as underground pipelines or drill holes, then there is also the possibility for natural gas leakage from the earth being collected in such areas. Sometimes, the prevalent hazards in confined spaces are not easily seen. For example, a fire can suddenly occur due to a spark from welding work igniting a rag or a flammable chemical used or stored in the space, or a gasoline leak may occur and seep into a confined space. We can broadly divide confined space hazards as atmospheric hazards and physical hazards. These two groups of hazards are further explained below. Atmospheric Hazards There are four main types of atmospheric hazards. These are briefly explained below with some details as given in OSHA’s standard for confined spaces in the construction industry. Flammable Atmosphere – This type of atmosphere would usually contain flammable gas, vapor, or mist which has a higher probability of igniting due to the quantity in the atmosphere exceeding 10 percent of its lower flammable limit (LFL). Toxic Atmosphere – According to OSHA’s standard for confined spaces, this type of atmosphere is immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) as it is contaminated with a poisonous gas that is above the permissible exposure limit (PEL) and can cause physical harm to humans. Such toxic gases are generally categorized as an asphyxiant or irritant. Oxygen-Deficient or Oxygen-Enriched Atmosphere – This condition is quite self-explanatory. While human beings require oxygen to breathe, less oxygen, as well as excess oxygen, can both be harmful to human health. Furthermore, such atmospheres can also cause non-physical hazards in confined spaces. However, it must be noted that OSHA specifies when an atmosphere may be considered oxygen-deficient (when oxygen concentration is below 19.5 percent) and when it is considered oxygen-enriched (over 23.5 percent). Airborne Combustible Dust Particles in the Atmosphere – This causes issues of lowered vision which can lead to accidents and due to the dust being combustible, there is a probability that a fire or explosion may occur. Again, OSHA specifies that the dust concentration level would be considered hazardous only when it meets or exceeds its LFL which is set at the point where a person is unable to see past 5 feet ahead. Physical Hazards Many types of physical hazards can occur in a confined space causing serious injuries to workers’ health. These include: Explosions – A flammable atmosphere or use of flammable chemicals and fire-causing processes may cause an explosion resulting in the death of a worker, the worker being seriously burned, or at the very least, suffering from smoke inhalation. Engulfment – This is where a worker may be drowned by what is stored in a confined space. For example; a grain load falling on a worker doing some repair work in a silo and causing the grain dust to be inhaled and blocking his respiratory system making it difficult to breathe. Radiation - Exposure to radioactive materials. Very High or Very Low Temperatures – Due to the criteria of a confined space as well as the possibility that it is located underground, there can be sudden and extreme temperature changes from very hot to very cold causing discomfort to workers at the minimum or causing health injuries such as frostbite, hypothermia, or heat-stroke. The Collapse of the Space – When workers are working in tunnels, trenches, or excavations, there is a possibility of these collapsing, thereby trapping the worker. Exposure to Chemical Substances – Some chemicals are known to cause harm to human health and workers who accidentally inhale or touch these substances may suffer from physical injuries. OSHA gives extensive guidance on both atmospheric hazards and physical hazards that can occur in a confined space. Those who are expected to work in confined spaces must undergo the requisite training. Our online training program on confined space awareness for the construction industry includes a lesson dedicated to confined space hazards with considerable details on both physical and atmospheric hazards. Preparing Workers to Work in Confined Spaces When employees work in such confined spaces or must enter them in order to do some specific job tasks, they are exposed to many dangers and face myriad challenges. The level of these hazards for workers would increase when these confined spaces are located on construction sites, mines, sites which store or handle hazardous substances, or even in places like oil rigs and roadwork operations. Thus, workers must understand the risks associated with working in confined spaces as well as grasp the criticality of adhering to confined space procedures. This is why OSHA has dedicated confined space standards for workers in the construction industry, general industry, and the maritime industry. One aspect of safeguarding workers' health and ensuring their safety is to give them adequate training. We offer an information-rich online training program for OSHA Confined Space Awareness Training for those people employed in the construction industry and expected to enter a confined space.   Reference OSHA. (n.d.). Confined Spaces. Website. https://www.osha.gov/confined-spaces