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The Dos and Don’ts of Shipping Lithium Batteries We’ve all heard of lithium batteries… after all, we use them in all our modern tech devices and even in our cars. But have you ever realized that lithium batteries are categorized as hazardous cargo due to their higher energy density and flammable electrolytes? According to the PHMSA, “lithium batteries pose a fire hazard, even when they are no longer useful in consumer equipment/products. Damaged, defective, or recalled batteries have greater potential than undamaged lithium batteries to short circuit, release heat, or even cause a fire.” Thus, the PHMSA advises that appropriate precautions be taken when shipping new lithium batteries or when shipping used, damaged, or old lithium batteries for disposal or recycling. Considering the high possibility of the hazards associated with shipping lithium batteries, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) have both enacted strict regulations for the transportation of lithium batteries including packaging, marking, and specific labeling requirements. What is a Lithium Battery? The term “lithium battery” refers to one or more lithium cells that are electrically connected. A cell is a single encased electrochemical unit, while a battery consists of multiple electrically connected component cells. A battery can also only be made up of a single cell, such as the common AA, C, or coin cell. A lithium battery is like other types of battery. The lithium battery cells contain a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte solution. Atoms or molecules with a net electric charge (ions) are transferred from a positive electrode to a negative electrode through an electrolyte solution. Lithium cells store and release power by converting chemical potential energy into electrical energy using lithium ions or lithium metal. Electrolyte solutions allow ions to flow freely between the electrodes. So, what should manufacturers of lithium batteries and consumer product manufacturers using pre-installed lithium batteries in products such as watches, smartphones, tablets, laptops, cars, and various other devices and equipment know about the transportation of lithium batteries? Understanding the dos and don’ts when shipping lithium batteries is important to adhere to the regulatory requirements while safeguarding the shipment, people, and environment from fire and explosion hazards. Thus, manufacturers of lithium batteries and those using lithium batteries as a component of their products must first identify the type and size of the lithium battery being transported, the categorization of lithium batteries, how the lithium battery will be transported, and the mode of transportation to be used. Let’s check these points individually to gain a better understanding of the lithium battery transportation regulations which will guide on the dos and don’ts when shipping lithium batteries. #1 Understand the type of lithium battery being shipped Manufacturers of lithium batteries and producers of other goods utilizing lithium batteries as their power source must first identify the type of lithium battery – “lithium ion battery” or “lithium metal battery”.  What Is the Difference Between Lithium-ion and Lithium Metal Batteries? Lithium metal batteries contain metallic lithium and are primarily non-rechargeable. They have lithium metal or lithium compounds as an anode. Included in this group are lithium alloy batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable, and lithium is only present in the electrolyte in the ionic form. Included in the lithium-ion category are lithium polymer batteries. Lithium batteries are sometimes abbreviated as Li-ion batteries. (IATA, 2021) These two types of batteries are governed by different shipping regulations and hence, identifying the type of lithium battery being shipped will enable the appropriate regulations to be followed. Lithium Ion Batteries Lithium Metal Batteries #2 Know the size of the lithium battery The lithium battery size also impacts the dos and don’ts of shipping lithium batteries. The DOT Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) specify the labeling and marking requirements for not only the different types of lithium batteries but also for the different sizes. Furthermore, the size of the lithium battery can also impact the decision on the method of transportation – highway, rail, aircraft, or vessel.  Lithium battery size is measured in Watt Hour (Wh) for lithium ion batteries and kilograms (kg) for lithium metal batteries. This leads us to point #3, which considers the transportation of lithium batteries in terms of energy density and the classification as applied by the DOT HMR. #3 Know the lithium battery classification The regulations classify lithium batteries based on their size as ‘Fully Regulated’ or ‘Excepted’. Lithium Batteries of a higher energy density would fall within the fully-regulated category and be subject to stricter regulations while lower energy density lithium batteries may gain excepted status and have lesser rules to comply with during transportation. The categorization status of lithium batteries also impacts the mode of transportation that can be used in the transfer of goods from one destination to another. Fully regulated lithium ion/metal cells or batteries for the purposes of DOT regulations include: Lithium ion cell or battery Lithium metal cell or battery ·        A cell with a Watt-hour rating greater than 20 Wh; and ·        A battery with a Watt-hour rating greater than 100 Wh. ·        A cell with a lithium content greater than 1g; and ·        A battery with a lithium content greater than 2g. Here’s a good example of the regulatory requirements changing according to the categorization of lithium batteries for air shipments of stand-alone lithium cells and batteries. As of January 1, 2022, according to IATA Packing Instructions 965 (lithium ion batteries) and 968 (lithium metal batteries), all shipments of stand-alone lithium cells and batteries will be considered fully regulated and will no longer be subject to Section II provisions for excepted lithium cells and batteries. Stand-alone lithium cells and batteries can now be shipped under Section IA and IB of PI 965 and 968. #4 How will the lithium battery or batteries be shipped Another important aspect of shipping lithium batteries is to identify how the lithium battery will be shipped. For instance, will the lithium battery be shipped separately (stand-alone), with the machine or equipment (meaning in the same outer packaging as the equipment), or inside the device? The way that the lithium batteries are going to be packed, labeled, marked, and the mode of transportation that can be used is dependent on how the lithium ion or metal batteries are going to be shipped. Stand-Alone Lithium Batteries Lithium Battery with Equipment Lithium Battery Inside the Device Important Note for air shipments of stand-alone lithium cells and batteries: As of January 1, 2022, according to IATA Packing Instructions 965 (lithium ion batteries) and 968 (lithium metal batteries), all shipments of stand-alone lithium cells and batteries will be considered fully regulated and will no longer be subject to Section II provisions for excepted lithium cells and batteries. Stand-alone lithium cells and batteries can now be shipped under Section IA and IB of PI 965 and 968. #5 Mode of Transportation – Highway, Rail, Air, or Vessel The mode of transportation also plays an important aspect in the dos and don’ts of shipping lithium batteries due it their capacity to explode and the other unique hazards associated with lithium battery transportation. Thus, depending on the mode of transporting lithium batteries; either by air, water, or ground, will impact the regulations that must be followed by manufacturers. It is worth noting that due to the size and categorization of the lithium battery, some manufacturers may face limited options for the transportation of lithium batteries. For example, Lithium-ion cells that exceed 20 Wh but do not exceed 60 Wh are forbidden for transport aboard aircraft and vessels. Thus, the only mode of transportation available are highway and rail. Training for Shipping Lithium Ion/Lithium Metal Cells or Batteries To fully understand the regulatory requirements of shipping lithium cells and batteries, we have several shipping lithium battery training courses that comply with the DOT HMR. For comprehensive training, enroll in our online DOt, IATA, IMDG Shipping Lithium Batteries - Advances General Awareness Training course. To know more about our group virtual or in-person training options as well as our SCORM package for the Shipping Lithium Batteries courses, call us or email us and we will get back to you within 24-hours! Reference: IATA. (2021, August 13). What to know about how to ship lithium batteries? Website. https://www.iata.org/en/publications/newsletters/iata-knowledge-hub/what-to-know-about-how-to-ship-lithium-batteries/

The Importance of Packaging and Labeling for Storing Hazardous MaterialsFor businesses in many industries, handling and working with hazardous materials and other dangerous substances will be an essential and unavoidable part of their day-to-day activities and operations. For some companies, this might mean the occasional use of cleaning chemicals; for others, it will mean handling dangerous industrial chemicals, acids, pesticides, or biological agents daily.As such, every organization has a responsibility to manage any risks that their employees may encounter as a result of utilizing these hazardous substances, and one of the most important ways of doing this is making sure that the correct packaging and labeling are used consistently. This is a crucial element of safe chemical handling and storage, and makes a big difference in keeping everyone safe at the worksite.Here, we will look at the factors involved in proper packaging required for the transportation and storage of hazardous substances, and the key information that good safety labeling should include to offer the best possible protection for your workers.Best practices for labeling hazardous substancesProper labeling of hazardous substances means providing everyone on-site with all of the information they will need to ensure they are always using the chemicals safely and appropriately, in line with the manufacturer’s guidelines, while informing them of any potential risks associated.Sometimes, this will be in the form of precautionary statements, which can be put on hazardous substance packaging, that tell the user what they need to do to prevent or minimize adverse effects. Chemicals may need to be labeled according to the following safety requirements:Keeping chemicals from mixing if this would create a dangerous reaction.Washing the skin thoroughly after handling.Using personal protective equipment when in contact with the chemical, including safety gloves, goggles, or respiratory protection.Keeping the product at the right temperature, or protected from sunlight or contact with air where necessary.Keeping chemicals away from ignitable materials.It is required to provide these precautionary statements where required, alongside clear instructions on how the product can be safely and correctly used, stored, and disposed of, including what to do in the event of an accidental or uncontrolled spill. In most cases, hazardous chemical products that are commercially sold will include all this information on their labeling, so care must be taken to ensure this vital information is not obscured or removed.Labels for hazardous materials will also usually contain warning pictograms, a simple and universally understandable icon-based warning system (such as the Globally Harmonized System of the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, GHS) that allows everyone to see the potential dangers associated with a product at a glance. These pictogram warnings could include the following:⦁  Explosive (symbol: exploding bomb)⦁  Flammable (symbol: flame)⦁  Oxidizing (symbol: flame over a circle)⦁  Corrosive (symbol: test tubes causing corrosion)⦁  Health hazard (symbol: silhouette of man)⦁  Harmful to human health and the environment (symbol: exclamation mark)⦁  Acutely toxic (symbol: skull and crossbones)⦁  Gas under pressure (symbol: gas cylinder)⦁  Environmental hazard (symbol: tree and river with environmental damage) Workplaces can further improve compliance with the chemical handling guidelines by putting up safety signs and notices in the area where the dangerous substances are stored, to ensure that the information is conveyed as clearly as possible. Additionally, everyone on-site needs to receive safety training on the risks associated with these chemicals, and how to use them responsibly.What is needed from hazardous substance packaging?Unless specified otherwise, most hazardous substances can be stored safely in the packaging they are sold in, as these packaging materials will be designed specially to contain the chemical. However, if a hazardous substance needs to be transferred to another storage receptacle, it is the organization’s responsibility to make sure the packaging used is suitable for the task and meets the packaging requirements as specified by OSHA.  Enroll in our OSHA Hazard Communication with GHS Training Course to learn more Any packaging used for hazardous substances must meet the following requirements:It must be secure, easy to close/seal, and prevent any escape of the substance.It must be sturdy and robust enough to withstand regular handling, including frequent reuse and reopening, without risk of degradation.It must not be adversely affected by the hazardous substance itself.It must be clearly labeled to show the contents and offer clear information on the potential hazards associated with the substance.Where specified by regulations, the hazardous substance must be packaged in UN-graded receptacles and packaging materials.With the proper packaging, hazardous substances can be safely kept on your premises for as long as they are needed while keeping the potential health risks associated with their use to a bare minimum.The importance of getting labeling and packaging rightWorkplace health and safety legislation and labor protection laws such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) dictate that any chemical hazards and toxic substances used in the workplace must have appropriate labels and safety data sheets for the workers who use them safely. Employees must also be trained to handle the chemicals appropriately, including guidance on the specific hazards in their work area and the measures to be used to protect themselves.Packaging and labeling are also important when storing hazardous materials and toxic chemicals in the course of transporting these dangerous cargoes via highway, rail, air, or vessel. The United States Department of Transportation (DOT)’s Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) specifies general and specific labeling and requirements that must be adhered to. Enroll in our DOT Hazmat Function Specific Training: Labeling Course to learn more Enroll in our DOT Hazmat Function Specific Training: Packaging Course to learn moreFailing to get this right will increase the risk of accidents occurring, or an employee’s health being damaged by exposure to dangerous chemicals. This will have a serious impact on your entire team, and leave your organization liable for legal and/or regulatory repercussions.As such, it is essential for companies to pay close attention to the use of correct packaging and labeling when storing hazardous substances, in order to ensure they meet the consistently high standards of workplace safety that workers, consumers, and lawmakers expect of them.The article was written by: Kevin Rowe, Managing Director of SafetyBuyer.com  

Where Would Workers Encounter Hazardous Atmospheres? Definition of Hazardous Atmosphere Let us begin by first understanding what a hazardous atmosphere is. A hazardous atmosphere refers to dusts, gases, vapors, fumes, and mists that may contaminate the air around us causing people to breathe in toxins or bad air resulting in poisoning the human body. Areas with low oxygen levels are also considered hazardous atmospheres as they can lead to worker injury or death. In its Confined Spaces Standard for the construction industry, OSHA defines a hazardous atmosphere as, “an atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of the ability to self-rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit space), injury,” due to the presence of flammable gas, airborne combustible dust, low or high levels of oxygen in the atmosphere, or other concentrations of poisonous substances or toxic chemicals over the permissible exposure limits (PELs), or any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH). For a detailed definition, see 29 CFR 1926 Subpart AA, Section 1926.1202 - Definitions. Such hazardous atmospheres can pose a danger to workers’ health and life. Hazardous atmospheres, if not identified at the outset, can result in worker injury, illness, incapacitation, inability to self-rescue; or incidents such as explosion and fire. Remember! Flammable substances, a low or high oxygen atmosphere, and toxins are the most common causes of atmospheric hazards. Causes of Atmospheric Hazards A hazardous atmosphere can be triggered by the release of excessive toxins or poisons into the atmosphere contaminating the air. Low or depleting oxygen levels, as well as excessive oxygen in the air, can also result in hazardous atmospheres. Toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, or other poison-emitting substances that produce toxic gases, fumes, and vapors (e.g., hydrogen sulfide) result in air contamination causing personnel to inhale toxic compounds while at the worksite and exposing workers to health hazards. Furthermore, hazardous atmospheres may also occur due to natural reasons such as toxic fumes and combustible dusts released from volcanoes, areas widespread with hot springs emitting high levels of mercury, areas with various hazardous substances that can lead to the creation of sulfuric acid, or areas with natural deposits or high concentrations of dangerous chemical substances such as asbestos, silica, arsenic, and pyrite. What is an oxygen-deficient atmosphere? A work area or other space that has less than 19.5% oxygen in the atmosphere. What is an oxygen-enriched atmosphere? A work area or other space with an atmosphere containing over 23.5% oxygen by volume.   Where Would Workers Encounter Hazardous Atmospheres? May jobs and occupations can expose workers to hazardous atmospheres. Let’s discuss some of these in more detail. When Working in Confined Spaces Hazardous atmospheres are most prevalent in confined spaces. The nature of confined spaces as identified by OSHA is one of the most dangerous areas where workers would be exposed to hazardous atmospheres. The four hazardous atmospheres encountered by workers carrying out job tasks in confined spaces are: Flammable Atmosphere Toxic Atmosphere Oxygen-Deficient or Oxygen-Enriched Atmosphere Airborne Combustible Dust Particles in the Atmosphere For detailed information on the atmospheric hazards and other hazards encountered by workers in confined spaces read our blog on Inherent Dangers of Working in a Confined Space. Enroll in our OSHA Confined Space Awareness Training course to learn more. Hazardous Waste Operations Employees involved in hazardous waste operations are also exposed to atmospheric hazards. Hazardous waste can generate toxic gases and vapors exposing workers to acute or chronic health effects. As such workers employed in routine hazardous waste operations in emergencies involving hazardous substance spills must understand the inherent dangers such hazardous substance spillages can cause to the atmosphere. It is also the reason why OSHA advocates for respiratory protection when workers handle hazardous materials and work in hazardous waste operations. Some of the hazardous atmospheres that workers may encounter are: Oxygen-deficient atmosphere Toxic gas releases contaminating clean air Combustible atmosphere Flammable atmosphere Enroll in our OSHA 40 Hour HAZWOPER Training course to learn more. Working in Excavations and Trenches Excavation sites and trenching operations can often expose workers to hazardous atmospheres. As excavations and trenches are areas that are dug deep into the earth, workers may be exposed to toxic atmospheres due to the naturally occurring pockets of poisonous gases or other toxic chemicals or deposits of hazardous substances within the rock formations. These atmospheric hazards can lead to adverse respiratory illnesses and even cause workers to suffer from asphyxiation. Personnel working in excavation sites and trenches may encounter some of these hazardous atmospheres: Oxygen-deficient atmosphere Toxic atmospheres Flammable atmosphere Atmospheres with airborne combustible dusts Enroll in our OSHA Competent Person for Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring Training course to learn more. When Handling Chemicals or Other Hazardous Materials Today, many industries and manufacturing operations use chemical compounds and other hazardous materials as part of their production processes. Workers employed by the oil and gas industry, chemical industry, construction industry, laboratories, manufacturers of various goods, and even testing facilities can be exposed to atmospheric hazards due to leaks or unexpected releases and mixing of toxic chemicals or other hazardous materials. For example, construction industry workers may inadvertently be exposed to asbestos and lead without their knowledge. Thus, it is imperative that whatever the organization, the work, or the job role, employees must be made aware of existing workplace hazards, especially those related to atmospheric hazards, as contaminated air may not be containable in one area and rapidly spread the toxins within enclosed places such as buildings. Working with chemicals or other hazardous materials, enroll in a safety training course that best fits your occupation and work tasks. Minimizing Atmospheric Hazards Hazardous atmospheres can often be overlooked, and the dangers of atmospheric hazards are recognized only when it is too late. Thus, for the different occupational areas where workers can encounter atmospheric hazards or hazardous atmospheres, OSHA has incorporated recommended practices within the relevant OSHA regulations and standards. Employers can ensure employees are aware of such atmospheric hazards and the implication for their health and safety by enrolling them in adequate and suitable training courses. This will enable workers to practice recommended methods to increase personal safety and health while at the worksite while reducing accidents and injury rates occurring in the organization.Here are a few measures that OSHA recommends employers implement to reduce atmospheric hazards: Incorporating atmospheric testing within the overall workplace safety and health program. Inspecting excavation sites and trenches before work begins. Regularly testing and monitoring work areas that are prone to atmospheric hazards. Testing atmospheres before workers enter confined spaces. Making gas meters available to workers while at the job site for regular air monitoring. Job hazard analysis at HAZWOPER sites. Respiratory protection. Appropriate ventilation systems for confined/enclosed spaces. Specific control measures such as purging and inerting to minimize or remove toxic atmospheres from confined spaces.

What You CAN’T See CAN’T Hurt You: Is This Really True for HIDDEN MOLD in Homes, Schools, and Other Buildings? There is a famous proverb: what you don’t know can’t hurt you. For the purpose of our discussion, we decided to narrow down the proverb to: what you can’t see can’t hurt you. In this blog we will explore the validity of the above statement in the context of mold contamination in homes, schools, and other buildings. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Mold is a fungal growth that forms and spreads on various kinds of damp or decaying organic matter.” Mold can grow on virtually any organic substance, as long as moisture and oxygen are present. When mold spores land on places that have excessive moisture or where humidity is high, they begin to grow and can form new mold colonies. The key word here is “moisture.” Mold does not need a lot of water to grow. In fact, a little condensation around a window sill or in a bathroom is enough to create conditions conducive to mold growth. Common sources of moisture include roof leaks, condensation due to high humidity, slow leaks in plumbing fixtures, humidification systems, sprinkler systems, and floods. Common sites for indoor mold growth include bathroom tile and grout, basement walls, areas around windows, near leaky water fountains, and around sinks. While some moisture problems are easy to see, others may be hidden. Possible locations of hidden moisture that may result in hidden mold growth include pipe chases and utility tunnels, walls in cold corners behind furniture where condensation forms, poorly draining condensate drain pains inside air handling units, porous thermal or acoustic liners inside duct work, roof materials above ceiling tiles, the back side of drywall, paneling, and wallpaper, and the underside of carpets and pads. Why Is Mold A Problem In The Indoor Environment? While in the recent years, concern about indoor exposure to mold has increased along with public awareness of the health effects associated with mold exposure, one of the most difficult concepts to grasp about mold contamination is that many times there are no visible signs of mold growth. So, if mold is not visibly present, should home and building owners be concerned about it? YES, even if mold is not visibly present, home and building owners should still be concerned about it. Mold is a substantial problem in the indoor environment because it gradually destroys or digests the things it grows on. Unaddressed mold growth or hidden mold growth can silently, over time, damage buildings and furnishings, rot wood, damage drywall, and ultimately cause structural damage to buildings. In addition to structural damage, mold growth in buildings can lead to unpleasant odors and can trigger health effects in some individuals. The onset of health problems not only impacts the building occupants, but also the building owners who may have to bear high costs to resolve the underlying issues. A Preliminary Conclusion From our discussion so far in this blog, we can safely conclude that, “what you CAN’T see CAN hurt you.” Most people think that mold would be easy to spot and identify. Yet, in practice, it may not always be the case and falling for this trap may cost building owners thousands of dollars in repairs, renovation, and other costs as the problem worsens over time. In reality “invisible” mold is not invisible, it is just hidden. Fortunately for building owners, there are tell-tale signs of hidden mold contamination that warrant a thorough building investigation to identify potential areas of mold growth and the root cause of the mold problem. These warning signs include reports of health problems in building occupants, moldy or musty odor, water leaks, condensation, and floods. Let us briefly review the warning signs of mold contamination in indoor environments. Health Effects Molds produce allergens, irritants, and potentially toxic substances or chemicals (mycotoxins). Mold exposure can irritate the eyes, skin, nose, throat, and lungs of both mold-allergic and non-allergic people. For people who are sensitive to mold, exposure can lead to hay fever-like symptoms, such as headache, sneezing, runny nose, red eyes, and skin rash (dermatitis). For people with asthma or allergies to mold, exposure can lead to more intense reactions. Moldy or Musty Odor Some compounds produced by molds have strong smells. These compounds are known as microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs). As molds starts growing in buildings, the occupants may begin to report a “moldy odor” or “musty smell” along with other health effects. A musty or moldy odor suggests that mold is growing in the building and should be investigated. Water Leaks Mold contamination resulting from water leaks is not always easy to identify as the leak may be in an area that is not easily noticeable or accessible, such as behind a wall. If home and building owners are aware of a water leak, it must be repaired quickly. Additionally, home and building owners must remain vigilant to any signs of water damage resulting from hidden water leaks. Signs of water damage include water stains or discoloration on ceilings, walls, or floors; cracking, peeling, or bubbling paint or wallpaper; a squishy hardwood floor; lumpy and uneven-looking attic insulation; etc. If home and building owners spot any of these signs, the building must be thoroughly investigated to identify the source of moisture and any areas of potential mold growth. Condensation Condensation can be a sign of high humidity which can ultimately lead to mold growth. When warm, humid air contacts a cold surface, the water vapors turn into liquid droplets that are visible on the outside of the cold surface. This phenomenon is known as condensation. Areas where condensation often forms include windows, air-conditioning ducts, pipes, and behind furniture. During a building investigation, these areas must be carefully investigated for signs of moisture and/or mold growth. Floods Floods can result in water damage inside buildings. When things remain wet for more than two days, they usually become moldy. If a building has experienced flooding in the past, then it is possible that there may be some form of mold contamination lurking in the dark. Final Thoughts The key to mold prevention is moisture control. While eliminating all mold and mold is spores virtually impossible, controlling indoor moisture will control the growth of indoor mold. Routine maintenance and repairs substantially reduce the likelihood of mold problems in buildings. If you are not experienced with mold remediation procedures, it is recommended that you consult a professional when making repairs or seek assistance with mold remediation and mold-prevention-related changes to the building. If left unchecked, mold contamination can become a substantial health and safety hazard over time. Please remember: Even if you CAN’T see mold, it CAN still hurt you.       References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022, February 25). Indoor Environmental Quality. Website. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/whatismold.html United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2022, May 05). Mold. Website. https://www.epa.gov/mold  

The 8 Types of Trenching and Excavation Hazards Trenching and Excavation hazards continue to be a prominent cause of worker injuries and fatalities in the United States. Between 2019 and 2021, 38 workers died due to trench collapses alone as cited in OSHA’s Fatality Inspection Data. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor’s 2020 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Table A-9, 19 workers employed in construction suffered fatal injuries due to excavation and trench cave-ins in 2020. These numbers should raise a red flag for employers and employees and increase the need for safety awareness from trenching hazards at construction sites. What is a Trench? A trench is an excavation (or hole in the ground) where the depth is greater than the width. One tried and tested method is to ensure workers receive adequate training on OSHA regulations and safe work practices in accordance with Federal OSHA Regulations 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P which provides guidance on specific excavation requirements and the use of protective systems for excavation and trenches. Did You Know?There are three types of protective systems – Sloping, Shoring, and Shielding.       To Learn More Enroll In Our      OSHA Competent Person for Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring Training Course Our OSHA Competent Person for Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring Training course has been developed by OSHA-authorized trainers and provides detailed guidance on soil classification, protective systems, and safe work practices in trenches in construction.. Trenches in ConstructionTrenches are typically classified based on their purpose and depth. Here are a few types of trenches in construction.Utility Trenches: Dug to install or repair utility lines such as water, sewer, or electrical lines. They are usually shallow but can vary in depth.Foundation Trenches: Excavated to provide a base for building foundations. These trenches are deeper and require careful planning and preparation.Drainage Trenches: Constructed to manage surface water or groundwater. They are designed to redirect water away from structures or areas prone to flooding.Access Trenches: Used to provide access to underground structures such as basements or tunnels. They are often deeper and may require additional support.Each type of trench has specific requirements for safety and construction practices to prevent cave-ins and other hazards. Trenching and Excavation Hazards Let’s discuss the eight commonly encountered trenching and excavation hazards that cause worker injury and death in the construction industry.Which of these conditions makes a trench cave-in more likely? 1. Trench Collapses or Cave-Ins A trench collapse or a cave-in occurs when the walls of the trench or excavation site collapse inwards due to instability or improper use of safety techniques such as sloping or benching the sides of the trench, shoring or supporting the sides of the excavation, or placing a shield between the sides of the excavation/trench and the work area. Some of the most common reasons for trench or excavation collapses are attributed to unstable soil, vibrations due to machinery being used nearby, vibrations from heavy traffic passing close to the trench, flooding, heavy rainfall, and excessive pressure placed on the edge of a trench. Trench or excavation collapses result in workers being buried under tons of sand and rock, suffocating due to being smothered by soil, or suffering other lesser fatal injuries which can still put them in hospital and require injury leave. Before excavation work begins, employers must ensure that a competent person inspect worksites daily before the start of each shift, and as needed thereafter (for example, a sudden heavy rainfall occurring after the pre-work inspection has taken place that could result in excess water gathered in the trench affecting soil stability). 2. Falling Hazard Workers working in trenches and excavations are exposed to the hazard of falling into the trench or excavation. This is more common when workers must cross over excavations to get to the other side. Putting-up safety signs, installing guardrails for walkways that are 6 feet or higher from the bottom of the trench or the lower level, and/or placing barriers around the edges of trenches and excavation sites can reduce the risk of workers falling inside the trenches and sustaining injuries. 3. Struck-By Hazard This happens when objects, tools, or other equipment falls on workers working inside the trench or excavation. This could be due to the tools being placed too close to the edge of the trench resulting in them slipping and falling inside the trench causing injury to workers. By placing barriers at the edge of the trench and excavation areas, workers’ risk from struck-by hazards can be greatly reduced as this would stop tools and equipment from accidentally falling inside trenches. 4. Superimposed Load or Surcharge Hazard When excess loads or weight are placed at the top of a trench, there is a risk of such vertical loads (e.g., excavated soils and other materials, vehicles, or equipment) resulting in reducing the stability of a trench or excavation area. This excessive pressure on the soil could cause the trench edge to collapse resulting in the machine or the excavated soil falling inside the trench and risking serious injury to workers. Therefore, when the stability of the trench is reduced it can cause the dual hazards of cave-ins and falling loads. Thus, following OSHA’s requirement to maintain two feet from the edge of the trench or excavation before placing any load will minimize the hazards faced by workers when working inside trenches. In addition, a barrier can also be placed for extra protection. 5. Atmospheric Hazards Trenches and excavation sites are prone to atmospheric hazards due to the worksite being underground. Workers can be exposed to toxic atmospheres (due to the presence of toxic gases or chemicals), or suffer from asphyxiation caused by a shortage of, or lack of, oxygen due to a cave-in or the nature of the confined space (meaning the trench or excavation site) they are working in. According to OSHA’s Excavations Standard, 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P, a competent person must undertake daily inspections to test trenches and excavations for hazardous atmospheres. These inspections should be done before work begins and as necessary throughout the shift. Furthermore, employers must also provide workers with adequate respiratory protection or ventilation in trenches or excavations that contain less than 19.5 percent oxygen (an oxygen-deficient atmosphere) and where a hazardous atmosphere is detected. 6. Hazards Caused by Mobile Equipment and Machinery When workers operate mobile equipment or machinery close to trenches and excavations, the judgment of when to stop before reaching the edge of the trench or excavation can sometimes be incorrect. Therefore, using stop logs and barricades can help reduce the hazard of equipment being too close to the edge. Using a communication system such as hand signals between equipment operators and the ground workers is also a good safe workplace practice that can be adopted at excavation sites. 7. Electrical Hazards Often working underground results in workers being exposed to underground electrical wiring, underground power lines, or other underground utilities such as telephone lines and water. This is a cause of concern as workers could be exposed to electrical hazards such as shocks and electrocutions as well as fires and explosions. To safeguard workers, employers should contact the utility companies and the location of the underground utility and put in barriers to avoid the area when working in the trench or get the water supply or power shut down before work begins in trenches. 8. Drowning and Flooding Hazards Working in trenches and excavations exposes workers to the hazards of drowning and flooding. Flooding can occur due to ruptured water pipes in the excavated area or even from heavy rainfall or thunderstorms. Employers should ensure the utility underground location is identified in advance, and barriers placed around it with relevant safety signage when work is being carried out. Furthermore, precautions such as harnesses and lifelines, shielding systems, and other water removal measures can be utilized to reduce water accumulation in excavation sites. These must be supervised by a competent person. In instances of rainstorms, the excavation site should be cleared of workers and a competent person must inspect the site before work begins again to ensure that the trench is safe from the danger of cave-ins or re-flooding. OSHA-Complaint Safety Training To protect workers from trenching and excavation hazards, employers must train workers to recognize trenching hazards, understand the dangers to safety and health of exposure to such hazards, and ways to minimize such hazards. As competent persons play a critical role in ensuring worker protection when working in trenches and excavation sites, employers must train workers to be competent persons when working in excavations and trenches. Our OSHA Competent Person For Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring Training course will provide detailed guidance and protect workers and reduce employer liabilities and work stoppages due to accidents and injuries. June is Trench Safety Month! Support and contribute to the safety of workers by acting today! Protect Workers’ Health and Safety from Trenching Hazards. Enroll your employees in our OSHA Competent Person for Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring Training course. Call us for details about in-person on-site group training, virtual instructor-led training, and employer group discounts. References: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities. TABLE A-9. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure for all fatal injuries and major private industry sector, all United States, 2020. Website. https://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cftb0343.htm OSHA Fatality Inspection Data. (n.d.). Reports of fatalities for CY17-21. Website. https://www.osha.gov/fatalities

.course-img{height: 200px!important;} .img-c{ width: 100%; height: inherit; object-fit: cover; object-position: center; border-radius: 30px;} The 6 Categories of Workplace Hazards All workplaces from office complexes, construction sites, factory floors, and hospitals, to research and development laboratories, can endanger the safety and health of employees. These dangers can range from small injuries, and accidents with complex health effects on workers, to fatalities. But how can one know what types of hazards exist in workplaces? This is where proper assessment and analysis of the worksite including the evaluation of job tasks benefits both employers and employees. It is the underlying reason for OSHA to advocate industrial hygiene at workplaces and specify undertaking extensive job hazard analysis at hazardous worksites. What is Job Hazard Analysis? According to OSHA’s publication on Job Hazard Analysis: A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur. It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment.  Ideally, after you identify uncontrolled hazards, you will take steps to eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable risk level. To ensure effective job hazard analysis, and to carry out the work of an industrial hygienist, it is important to understand the different types of hazards that exist and can occur in a workplace. This article will focus on the six broad classifications of hazards found across different industries and worksites. Who is an Industrial Hygienist? According to OSHA’s Informational Booklet on Industrial Hygiene: Industrial hygienists, or IHs, are trained to anticipate, recognize, evaluate, and recommend controls for environmental and physical hazards that can affect the health and well-being of workers. Industrial hygienists also play a major role in developing and issuing OSHA standards to protect workers from health hazards associated with toxic chemicals, biological hazards, and harmful physical agents. Thus, the two roles of the OSHA industrial hygienist are to spot those conditions and help eliminate or control them through appropriate measures (1998, Revised). Biological Hazards Bacteria | Viruses | Fungi | Mold | Bloodborne Pathogens | Bird Droppings | Infectious Animals | Hazardous Waste Biological hazards are caused by living organisms that produce hazardous substances that can enter the human body either by breathing, touching, ingesting, or injection. These hazards can cause acute and chronic infections in individuals who are exposed to them. Often, working with infectious plants, animals, or bloodborne pathogens can lead to worker exposure to biological hazards. This is also true for individuals who are exposed to people who are ill or carrying an infection. The past outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the current spread of the Monkeypox virus are practical examples of biological hazards that any one of us can easily relate to. Occupational Exposure Hospital workers, medical workers, and laboratory personnel are exposed to biological hazards, especially in the form of bloodborne pathogens. People working with animals such as those employed in veterinary clinics. Personnel employed in laboratories and research and development units can be exposed to biological hazards. People working in food processing and dealing with raw food are also exposed to biological hazards. Individuals working outdoors or in natural environments. Enroll In OurOSHA Bloodborne PathogensTraining    Enroll In OurRCRA Hazardous Waste Generator OnlineTraining Chemical Hazards Chemical Toxic Substances Chemical hazards are caused by exposure to toxic chemical substances in the form of solids, liquids, gases, fumes, vapors, mists, and dusts. Workers can be exposed to chemical hazards by direct contact with skin also known as absorption, through inhalation, and either by accidentally eating or drinking a toxic substance or chemical. Chemical hazards can cause severe health-related issues and can be detrimental to the long-term physical health of people. Common types of illnesses that result from chemical exposure are skin irritation, respiratory illnesses, and blindness. Chemical hazards also can cause corrosion and explosions at worksites leading to property damage and endangering the safety of workers. Occupational Exposure Employees working in and around solvents, toxic chemicals, or flammable gases. Workers employed in cleaning facilities and job functions. Lab workers who use dangerous chemicals as part of their work processes. Engineers and field workers who work in and around dangerous chemicals or other hazardous substances. Hazardous waste operation employees. Employees in chemical manufacturing operations. Workers in the oil and gas industry and coal mining operations. Workers involved in hazardous chemical/substance spill cleanups. Emergency and medical personnel. Enroll In OurOSHA 24 Hour HAZWOPER – RCRA TSD OperationsTraining    Enroll In OurOSHA Lead AwarenessTraining for Construction Industry    Enroll In OurOSHA Hazard Communication With GHSTraining    Enroll In OurOSHA Silica AwarenessTraining Physical Hazards Noise | Heat Stress | Cold Stress | Radiation Hazards that cause a physical injury to a worker due to the workplace environment having excessive levels of ionizing and nonionizing electromagnetic radiation, noise, vibration, illumination, and temperature are known as physical hazards. For instance, exposure to loud noise for extended periods can lead to loss of hearing. Working for extended periods under the sun can lead to heat exhaustion and heatstroke while working for long hours in the cold can lead to hypothermia if not properly attired. Occupational Exposure Workers carrying out job tasks in noisy surroundings. Medical personnel working in the Radiology department in hospitals and clinics. Individuals working outdoors in the hot sun or during winter for long periods. Personnel employed in smelting operations, steel mills, mining operations, etc. Workers working on open to air construction sites. Enroll In Our OSHA 40 Hour HAZWOPER Training   Enroll In Our OSHA 24 Hour HAZWOPER Training   Safety Hazards Falls | Trips | Slips | Falling Objects | Shocks | Electrocution Safety hazards occur due to unexpected circumstances and avoidable circumstances. The danger to workers from safety hazards can vary and either be negligible such as a small cut, a little more serious such as a broken hand, or can be serious with long term repercussions such as a spine injury, and even cause death. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the construction industry recorded 1,102 fatal injuries in 2019, 418 of which were from falls, slips, and trips. Occupational Exposure Construction industry workers. Personnel working in the utility sector. Workers working at heights such as window cleaners on scaffolding. Service and maintenance personnel. Personnel working with heavy equipment or machinery. Enroll In Our OSHA Competent Person for Fall Protection Training   Enroll In Our OSHA Scaffolding Safety Training   Enroll In Our Electrical Safety Training (NFPA 70E)   Enroll In Our Arc Flash Safety Training (NFPA 70E)   Ergonomic Hazards Musculoskeletal Injuries Ergonomics is the science of researching and evaluating various tasks in the workplace (such as lifting, holding, sitting, pushing, walking, and reaching) that can cause discomfort or injury to the human body. Thus, ergonomic hazards are mainly musculoskeletal injuries that occur due to bad sitting posture, repetitive awkward movements, frequent lifting, extreme temperature, bad lighting, and work stress. Ergonomic injuries also can occur due to poorly set-up workstations in offices, badly designed chairs, and incorrect height of office tables. Maintaining efficiency and comfort in the workplace can minimize ergonomic hazards. Occupational Exposure All people in the labor force! Although today, office workers are prone to greater exposure to ergonomics hazards than any other individuals. Psychosocial Hazards Mental Health or Well-Being Psychosocial hazards can occur due to the workplace environment or work stress. Workplaces, where there is discrimination, harassment, victimization, or a generally negative perception by employees, can lead to such hazards. Being overworked or not having downtime, being overly stressed about work or even peers can lead to depression, anxiety, and low morale, resulting in deteriorating the mental health and well-being of workers. Occupational Exposure All people in the labor force!   Identifying Hazards Exposure for Specific Occupations and Workplaces Employers and employees must be able to identify and implement appropriate workplace safety measures in line with the Hierarchy of Controls that gives a step-by-step approach to eliminating or reducing workplace risks. All our online, in-person, and instructor-led virtual training courses consider these aspects. Choose a safety training course that best fits your occupation and satisfies OSHA, EPA, or DOT regulatory requirements, and enroll now!   References: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (2021, May 06). The Economics Daily. Fatal and nonfatal falls, slips, and trips in the construction industry. Website. https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2021/fatal-and-nonfatal-falls-slips-and-trips-in-the-construction-industry.htm U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (1998, Revised). OSHA Information Booklet #3143 -- Industrial Hygiene. Website. https://www.osha.gov/publications/OSHA3143 U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2022, Revised). OSHA Publication #3071 -- Job Hazard Analysis. Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/osha3071.pdf

Electrical Safety: Importance and Electrical Hazard Prevention Electricity is all around us, it is a basic part of nature and a major source of energy. Electricity is used in homes and in industries. We use electricity in our everyday lives to power all types of machinery and equipment, and to do all types of work. We use it for something as basic as powering the lights in our homes and workplaces. As such, it is not surprising that the largest consumers of electricity are residential homes in the U.S. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, 39.4% of electricity consumed in 2020 was by the residential sector, while the commercial sector consumption was 34.6% and the industrial sector consumed 25.8% (2021). Electricity is so common that we use it all the time. The world has become so dependent on electricity that not having it is akin to a nightmare. However, as commonly used as electricity is, it can still be very dangerous! Even something as simple as changing a light bulb or attaching a plug to a socket can expose an individual to various electrical hazards. What is Electricity? Electricity is created by the flow of energy from one place to another when charged particles such as electrons and protons move from one place to another. These moving electrons have an electric charge which emits electricity. Electricity can be static when it is accumulated in one place or can flow as an electric charge in the form of current. Furthermore, the electricity that we use daily is a secondary energy source as it is created from the conversion of a primary source such as water (hydropower), sun (solar power), wind, natural gas, or coal. Sometimes, electricity is referred to as an ‘energy carrier’. This is because electricity can be converted to other forms of energy such as thermal (heat) and mechanical. Also, the primary source of energy can be renewable or non-renewable, but electricity is neither renewable nor non-renewable. Importance of Working Safely with Electricity The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has recognized electricity as a serious workplace hazard. This is because electricity has enough power to cause severe injury or death to those who are exposed to electrical current. According to Zemaitis et al., electrical injuries are predominantly accidental and can lead to heavy damage to human tissues and organs if the injury is not fatal. They also state that in the United States, electrical injuries cause about 1,000 deaths annually, of which, about 400 are due to high-voltage electrical injuries, and report about 30,000 non-fatal electrical shocks annually with about 5% of burn injuries being admitted to the burn unit because of electrical injuries (2021). It is reported that electrical injuries occur mainly in occupational settings for adults and is the fourth-leading cause of workplace-related traumatic death (Zemaitis et al., 2021). The sad truth about electrical injuries such as shocks, electrocution, burns, falls due to electrical shock, arc blasts, and fires are that it is most often preventable. All it requires is the adoption of good workplace practices and processes, and for employees to understand the hazards of working with electricity. This is the reason why organizations such as OSHA and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) have created standards and guidelines to be followed when working with or close to electrical equipment and machinery. Consequently, occupational safety can be improved by adopting electrical safety practices which constitute compliance with standards and guidelines, general good practices, and workplace processes established to mitigate electrical hazards, while the inability to maintain electrical safety practices at the workplace can lead to accidents, near misses, or even fatalities! Therefore, personnel who work with or near electricity such as safety managers/supervisors, electricians, technicians, contractors, HVAC installers, electrical engineers, electrical inspectors, equipment operators, electrical equipment/machinery repairmen, and janitorial staff must understand the hazards of electrical exposure and how to prevent or minimize them. For a complete understanding of electrical safety and electrical hazards enroll in our Electrical Safety Training (NFPA 70E) course now! Controlling and Preventing Electrical Hazards There are several proven methods to ensure electrical safety and control electrical hazards in the workplace. These general guidelines support the reduction of electrical hazard risks in the workplace and increase worker safety. Proper installation and use of electrical equipment When working with electrical equipment, tools, or machinery, workers must ensure that such equipment is properly installed and is used correctly. For instance, workers must make sure that if a power tool requires a 15-ampere electrical outlet, then the tool should only be plugged into an electrical socket that supports this requirement. Using a lower ampere socket may cause a short which could injure the worker using this power tool. Furthermore, any electrical equipment should be installed correctly, according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Use of insulation Wires should be appropriately insulated using non-conductive materials such as glass, rubber, or plastic. This will protect the wires from coming in contact with electrical conductors and stop or reduce the flow of electrical current in equipment to prevent short circuits which could cause shocks and fires. Guarding energized electrical components All workplaces and homes have exposed wires and other electrical elements. To reduce the risk of electrical hazards, these exposed wires and energized electrical parts should be covered so that any person close by does not accidentally touch them. Examples of guarding include the use of boxes, casings, barriers, and screens in which the energized electrical components are key. Using enclosures Sometimes segregating high-voltage equipment and machinery is required to protect against electrical hazards. An enclosure can be a room, a fenced-in area, or a short wall that separates the high-energy equipment so that workers do not accidentally walk in or contact any energized parts causing harm to themselves. Such a safety measure is also useful when high-value electrical equipment must be protected from damage that can be caused by electricity (think of a computer server). Such divided areas should not be open to all employees. Only qualified persons should be given access. Grounding tools and electrical systems Grounding electrical tools and systems will protect both the equipment and personnel using it. When a ground wire is present any surge of electrical current would not pass through the equipment and to the body of a person who is using it or accidentally touches the energized equipment, but instead relatively safely pass through a wire to a grounding device deep in the earth. Bonding of electrical components Bonding conductive components that are not intended to carry a current enables the formation of an electrically conductive path while ensuring the current does not lead to electrical hazards and accidents.What is Bonding?As defined by OSHA, “bonding is the permanent joining of metallic parts to form an electrically conductive path that ensures electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any current likely to be imposed.” Installing a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) Installing a GFCI will detect a current leakage in a plug point or other electrical equipment. This will safeguard the individual and prevent electrical shocks, fires, and electrocutions that could occur when using electrical equipment and tools. According to the NEC and NFPA 70E, GFCIs should be used when: electricity is used near water, the user of electrical equipment is grounded, circuits are providing power to portable tools or outdoor receptacles, and temporary wiring or extension cords are being used. Use of overcurrent protection devices An overcurrent protection device such as circuit breakers or fuses can detect the current more than the rated current and automatically open a circuit to ensure there is no overload or short circuit in the wiring system. This device is very common and helps not only protect people from electrical hazards but also safeguards the equipment from damage. Safe work practices This is also a must when working with electricity. Every employer and organization must establish work practices and work process that ensures the safety of employees working with electrical tools and equipment and those employees working in the vicinity of a machine that generates an electric current. De-energization of equipment, lockout tagout procedures, establishing shock protection and arc flash boundaries, labeling equipment, and wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) are all aspects of good practices for reducing the risks of electrical hazards. Our Electrical Safety Training (NFPA 70E) course gives detailed information on safe work practices, and for those individuals exposed to high voltage electricity in the workplace, our Arc Flash Safety Training (NFPA 70E) course would give more insight on handling and controlling arc flash hazards. References OSHA. (n.d.). 1910.399 - Definitions applicable to this subpart. Website. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.399 U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2021, Nov 3). Data and Statistics. Website. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/data-and-statistics.php Zemaitis, M.R., Foris, L.A., Lopez, R.A., & Huecker, M.P. Electrical Injuries. (2021, Aug 26, updated). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. Website. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448087/\

EPA Hazardous Waste Generator Categories The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which is a public law in the United States, establishes a framework for the management of hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste (EPA, n.d. (a)). To ensure the successful implementation of this framework, the RCRA has given the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority to control hazardous waste from the "cradle-to-grave" (EPA, n.d. (b)). Subtitle C of the RCRA is dedicated to hazardous solid waste generator requirements. Subtitle D is dedicated to non-hazardous solid waste generator requirements. Note: According to the RCRA, solid waste includes solids, liquids, and gases and must be discarded to be considered waste. The EPA has developed three categories of waste generators on a federal level to streamline the hazardous waste handling, transport, and disposal process. How generators are categorized is dependent on the quantity of hazardous waste they generate in a calendar year. These waste generators must adhere to the specific rules, regulations, and guidelines stipulated for each category of the hazardous waste generator by the EPA. Who is a Waste Generator? As defined by the EPA, “a generator is any person who produces a hazardous waste as listed or characterized in part 261 of title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)” (EPA, para 1, n.d. (c)) Most states implement the RCRA program and adhere to the federal EPA regulations on hazardous waste management and waste generator categorizations. However, some states have developed their own generator categories or established state-specific rules for managing hazardous waste. The states that have developed state-specific generator categories or established different hazardous waste management regulations from the federal EPA categorizations and regulations are identified here. Click here for more information on the different hazardous waste categorizations and links to rules or guidance for states with different regulations.  States that have established their own hazardous waste generator categories or rules to manage hazardous waste. 1. California 2. District of Columbia 3. Kansa 4. Maine 5. Maryland 6. Massachusetts 7. Minnesota 8. New Hampshire 9. Rhode Island 10. Washington   Distinguishing the Three Categories of Hazardous Waste Generators So, how does the EPA differentiate hazardous waste generators? The table below provides the key information that differentiates the three categories of hazardous waste generators. Organizations can use the below summary information as guidance to identify their company-specific hazardous waste generator category. Very Small Quantity Generators (VSQGs) Generate 100 kilograms (220 pounds) or less of hazardous waste per month OR Generate 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) or less of acutely hazardous waste per month Must identify all the hazardous waste generated in a calendar year. Not allowed to accumulate and store more than 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) of hazardous waste on-site at any one time. Not allowed to accumulate and store 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of acutely hazardous waste on-site at any one time Hazardous waste generated must be delivered to an authorized off-site treatment or disposal facility. Refer to 40 CFR section 262.14 for comprehensive information on the VSQG regulations. Refer to the VSQGs Fact Sheet. Small Quantity Generators (SQGs) Generate more than 100 kilograms but less than 1,000 kilograms of hazardous waste per month Allowed to accumulate and store hazardous waste on-site for 180 days without a permit (or 270 days if shipping a distance greater than 200 miles). Allowed to accumulate and store only 6,000 kilograms of hazardous waste on-site at any one time. Must adhere to the hazardous waste manifest requirements set forth in 40 CFR Part 262, Subpart B. Must comply with the pre-transport requirements set forth in 40 CFR Sections 262.30 through 262.33. Must adhere to the preparedness and prevention requirements set forth in 40 CFR Sections 262.16(b)(8) and (9). Must adhere to the land disposal restriction requirements set forth in 40 CFR Part 268. One employee must continually be available to respond to emergencies. He/she should be responsible for coordinating all emergency response measures. Not required to have detailed, written contingency plans. Refer to 40 CFR Part 262 for comprehensive information on the VQG regulations. Refer to the SQGs Fact Sheet. Large Quantity Generators (LQGs) Generate more than 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) of hazardous waste per month OR Generate more than 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of acutely hazardous waste per month Must comply with the complete federal hazardous waste generator regulations. Allowed to accumulate and store hazardous waste on-site for only 90 days. There is no limit on the amount of hazardous waste that can be accumulated and stored on-site. Must adhere to the hazardous waste manifest requirements as set forth in 40 CFR part 262 Subpart B. Must comply with the pre-transport requirements as set forth in 40 CFR sections 262.30 through 262.33. Hazardous waste generated must be managed in tanks, containers, drip pads, or containment buildings as set forth in 40 CFR Sections 262.17(a)(1)-(4), and 40 CFR Part 265 Subparts W and DD. Must adhere to the preparedness, prevention, and emergency procedure requirements as set forth in 40 CFR part 262 Subpart M. Must adhere to the land disposal restriction requirements set forth in 40 CFR part 268. Must prepare and present a biennial hazardous waste report. Refer to 40 CFR Part 262 for comprehensive information on the LQG regulations. Refer to the LQGs Fact Sheet. Training as per RCRA and EPA Requirements for Waste Generators To ensure compliance with the RCRA and EPA regulations on hazardous waste management, all hazardous waste generators must provide their employees with adequate RCRA Waste Generator Training. For employees working in hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities, OSHA also mandates the HAZWOPER 24-Hour RCRA TSF Operations Training. As per OSHA, RCRA, and EPA regulations, employees working in hazardous waste operations must renew their RCRA and 24-Hour HAZWOPER TSDF training annually. Reference: EPA. (n.d. (a)). Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Laws and Regulations. Website. https://www.epa.gov/rcra EPA. (n.d. (b)). Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Overview. Website. https://www.epa.gov/rcra/resource-conservation-and-recovery-act-rcra-overview EPA. (n.d. (C)). Categories of Hazardous Waste Generators. Website. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/categories-hazardous-waste-generators

The Role of Lockout Tagout in Electrical Safety For construction workers, working with and around electrical equipment, electrical conductors or circuit parts, and power lines is a common occurrence. Therefore, safeguarding workers against electrical hazards is a critical element of workplace safety and health procedures. Recognizing this need, OSHA has put in place safety and health regulations 29 CFR 1910 Subpart S for the general industry and 29 CFR 1926 Subpart K construction industry related to electrical hazards to guide and support employers in implementing adequate safety measures in the workplace. Moreover, employees who undertake maintenance, repair, and service work for electrical equipment and machinery are also exposed to electrical hazards. There is always the possibility of de-energized equipment becoming suddenly energized while employees are inspecting, servicing, or repairing electrical equipment, circuits, and conductors. Therefore, not only must employees fully understand the hazards associated with electrical work (for example shocks, burns, fires, explosions, and arc flash) but must be conversant with the lockout tagout procedures to operate within electrically safe work conditions. De-energized means “Free from any electrical connection to a source of potential difference and electrical charge; not having a potential different from that of the earth.” What is Lockout Tagout? OSHA’s standard for the Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout), Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1910.147, sets forth the work practices and controls employers must implement to prevent accidents associated with hazardous energy. This standard is not only for construction industry workers but workers across industries such as craft workers, machine operators, electricians, laborers, etc., using electrical or other equipment that can generate energy even when it is shut off. The lockout tagout (LOTO) is a process whereby a lock and tag are added to any type of industrial equipment or machinery when it is shut down for repair, servicing, or maintenance as part of OSHA-recommended best practices. OSHA defines LOTO as “specific practices and procedures to safeguard all workers from the unexpected startup of machinery and equipment or the release of hazardous energy during service or maintenance”. Importance of Lockout Tagout Lockout Tagout supports the controlling of electrical hazards and facilitates an electrically safe work condition. According to Article 100 of the NFPA 70E, an “electrically safe work condition” is a state wherein all energized electrical conductors or circuit parts that could potentially expose employees to electrical hazards are maintained in a de-energized state. This means putting electrical equipment, conductors, or circuits in an ‘electrically safe work condition’, can temporarily eliminate electrical hazards for the duration of work activity on or near energized electrical components. The process involves disconnecting from energized parts, locking and tagging, testing to verify the absence of voltage, and when required, temporarily grounding for worker protection. The Lockout Tagout Procedure The lockout tagout procedure can be broken into six steps. When employees begin repairing or doing maintenance work on electrical equipment, they must ensure to follow these steps to ensure their safety and the safety of other employees working in proximity to them. Watch this animated video to get a better idea about the lockout and tagout procedures. However, for comprehensive training in compliance with the OSHA standard for the Control of Hazardous Energy, enroll in our OSHA Lockout Tagout (LOTO) Training. If employers and employees require in-depth details on electrical safety, enroll in our Electrical Safety Training course which is in accordance with Federal OSHA Regulations 29 CFR 1910 Subpart S and 29 CFR 1926 Subpart K as well as the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70E standard.Bonus: General Safety Tips! Below are some general safety tips when working with electrical equipment, conductors, and circuits. Wear all required personal protective equipment (PPE) when undertaking any electrical work. Ensure all electrical equipment is properly installed and used. Use proper insulation, guarding, and overcurrent protection devices. Grounding is an important aspect of reducing electrical hazards. Install Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) to disrupt the current flow to the electrical circuit and act as a circuit breaker. Use the correct size fuse to reduce the possibility of excessive currents in the wiring that can cause fires. Do not touch electrical outlets with wet hands. Wet and damp areas should be dried out before doing any electrical work, as water is a conductor of electricity. Always check and know where circuit breakers, electrical panels, and fuse boxes are located to switch-off power in emergencies. In case a co-worker is experiencing electrical shock, do not touch him with your bare hands, use a non-conductive material like a plastic stick or wood to separate the worker from the electrical equipment, wire, etc., that is causing the shock. If possible, shut off the power first!

Choosing the Right Gas-Meter for You! In my last blog, I talked about the limitations of gas meters. In this article, I will focus on what type of gas meter may be right for your business and the considerations that you should be aware of when choosing a gas meter. First, you must recognize which vapors or gases you will be encountering. It may be one or two dedicated products, or by-products, that your business or establishment encounters on a regular basis. On the other hand, maybe your business is in the emergency services that respond to multitudes of potentially hazardous gases or vapors on a daily basis. Then consider the atmosphere - is it Group 1 (Mining), Group 2 (surface industries), or Group 3 (explosive dusts)?  Is it a dusty and cloudy atmosphere or is it a dusty and layered atmosphere? Note, layered (settled) atmospheres can have substantially lower auto-ignition temperatures compared to cloudy atmospheres.  Below is typically the standard for fixed facilities regarding Hazardous Locations:   TABLE 1: NFPA 70 NEC Hazardous Locations Classes, Divisions, and Groups Class Division Group I – Flammable gases or vapors may be present 1 – Ignitable concentrations of hazards exist under normal operating conditions and/or where the hazard is caused by frequent maintenance or repair work or frequent equipment failure 2 – Ignitable concentrations of hazards exist under abnormal operation conditions Group A – Acetylene Group B – hydrogen, butadiene, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and acrolein Group C – Ethylene, cyclopropane, and ethyl ether Group D – Acetone, ammonia, benzene, butane, ethanol, gasoline, hexane, methane, methanol, methane, naphtha, natural gas, propane, and toluene II – Combustible dust may be present 1 – Ignitable concentrations of hazards exist under normal operation conditions and/or where the hazard is caused by frequent maintenance or repair work or frequent equipment failure 2 – Ignitable concentrations of hazards exist under abnormal operation conditions Group E – Combustible metal dusts: aluminum, commercial alloys, and magnesium Group F – Combustible carbonaceous dusts: carbon black, charcoal, coal, and coke dusts Group G – Other combustible dusts: Chemicals, flour, grain, plastic, and wood III – Easily ignitable fibers or flying’s may be present 1 – Ignitable concentrations of hazards exist under normal operation conditions and/or where the hazard is caused by frequent maintenance or repair work or frequent equipment failure 2 – Ignitable concentrations of hazards exist under abnormal operation conditions Not Applicable There are also Hazardous Location Zone ratings that must be considered when choosing a gas meter to suit your worksite needs: TABLE 2: NFPA 70 NEC Hazardous Locations Groups Hazard Hazard Zone 0 – Ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors which are present continuously or for long periods of time Gases, Vapors, and Mists 1 – Ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors which are likely to occur under normal operating conditions; may exist frequently because of repair/maintenance operations or leakage; or equipment is operated in a manner that equipment breakdown/faulty operations could result in the release of ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors and failure of the equipment 2 – Ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors which are not likely to occur under normal operating conditions and if they do will only persist for a short period of time; or volatile flammable liquids, gases, or vapors are confined within closed containers/systems and can escape only as a result of an accidental rupture; or volatile flammable liquids, gases, or vapors are normally prevented by positive mechanical ventilation, but may become hazardous due to system failure 20 – Combustible dusts or ignitable fibers/flying's are present continuously or for extended periods of time Dusts and Fibers/Flying's 21 – Combustible dusts or ignitable fibers/flying's are likely to occur under normal operating conditions; or may exist frequently because of repair/maintenance operations or leakage; or equipment is operated in a manner that breakdown/faulty operations could result in the release of ignitable concentrations of combustible dust or fibers/flying's and failure of the equipment 22 – Combustible dusts or ignitable fibers/flying's are likely to occur under normal operating conditions; or may exist frequently because of repair/maintenance operations or leakage; or equipment is operated in a manner that breakdown/faulty operations could result in the release of ignitable concentrations of combustible dust or fibers/flying's and failure of the equipment Also, check and understand the Hazardous Group ratings to which your organization belongs: TABLE 2: NFPA 70 NEC Hazardous Locations Groups Group I Group II Group III Explosive gas atmospheres other than mines susceptible to firedamp – Group II equipment is subdivided into three subgroups Explosive dusts – Group III equipment is subdivided into three subgroups Mines susceptible to firedamp (flammable mixture of gases naturally occurring in a mine A – Atmospheres containing acetone, ammonia, ethyl alcohol, gasoline, methane, propane, or gases/vapors of equivalent hazard A – Atmospheres containing solid particles and fibers greater than 500 microns that could be suspended in air and settle out B– Atmospheres containing acetaldehyde, ethylene, or gases / vapors of equivalent hazard B – Atmospheres containing combustible dusts other than combustible metal dusts C – Atmospheres containing acetylene, hydrogen, or gases/vapors of equivalent hazard C – Atmospheres containing combustible metal dusts Why are these Tables Important?  Determining the Class, Division, and Group; or Zone and Group is critical to correctly applying the requirements for a given hazardous location as per the requirements in Tables 1, 2, and 3, above. Comparisons between the two systems are not easily accomplished. Which system is preferred depends on the user’s preference, how the areas are classified, and the wiring system that is used. For instance, the zone system has a wider use in the chemical and petrochemical industries, than others.  Temperature Classification of the Gas-Meter  Additionally, the Temperature Classification of the meter is based on the maximum temperature that any relevant part of the gas-meter contacting a flammable (explosive) gas, can reach. This classification identifies the minimum ignition temperature threshold for the hazardous area. In other words, for the explosive or combustible environment to ignite, it would need to be subjected to a temperature more than this value.  The values applied to this T-Class classification run from T1 to T6.  The relationship between ‘T’ class and the maximum permissible temperature in °C of any surface in contact with flammable gas or ignitable dust.   Here’s an example based on – 20ºC to + 40ºC ambient air temperature.  A classification of T1 means the minimum ignition temperature is >450 °C [842 °F], while classification of T6 means the minimum ignition temperature is >85 °C [185 °F]. TABLE 4: Temperature Classifications CLASS SURFACE TEMPERATURE °C T1 <450 T2 <300 T3 <200 T4 <135 T5 <100 T6 <85 This classification indicates to the end-user, for their consideration, the maximum temperature that the equipment might reach. It is understood that equipment should not be installed in an explosive atmosphere where the surface temperature is greater than 80 percent of the auto-ignition temperature of the gas. For example, an equipment with a T1 temperature classification may be suitable for a methane atmosphere that has an auto-ignition temperature of 580 °C but is not suitable for Acetylene with an auto-ignition temperature of 425 °C. This would make the T-6 rating obviously the safest rating when checked against Table 5 above, a rating that emergency services would be interested in due to the wide range of potential gases or vapors they may encounter. However, it is worth noting that these ratings are more applicable to fixed systems.   Gas Meter Markings The following are some typical ratings you will find on meters: Class/Division system Approved equipment is marked according to which Class (I, II, or III), Division (1 or 2), Group (A, B, C, D, E, F, or G), and temperature code (T1 through T6) that it is rated for. For intrinsically safe equipment the words “Intrinsically Safe” or “IS” will precede the actual approval marking to indicate it as being intrinsically safe. Examples of Markings on Gas Meters Hazardous Locations Classification and Hazardous Locations Markings: ATEX Directive (Europe)  In addition to the European Ex marking string noted above, this marking may include:  In Closing I hope I’ve enlightened you to some of the most significant ratings when researching for a prospective meter purchase. Recognizing the potential atmospheres you may encounter, is of the utmost significance. Doing your homework on the purchase of the right meter for your business is fundamental to doing something right! I implore you to get online and research meters and check out their manuals before you inadvertently cause more harm than good.   If you are interested in gas meters, then you may also be interested in our catalog of online courses dealing with gas meters. Some of our online safety training courses, such as Confined Space Awareness; Competent Person for Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring; and the HAZWOPER series give detailed information on testing atmospheres for hazardous gases.    Stay safe everybody! Stay tuned for my next Blog: Ventilation Shortcomings: Is it Really Ventilated?   Michael J. Conroy, Retired Battalion Chief/Paramedic, Chicago Fire Dept. with 36 years of experience, is also a Certified Safety Professional (CSP) and Construction Health & Safety Technician (CHST). Mike is also an OSHA-Authorized Trainer and a certified Fire Dept. Safety Officer. Mike has vast experience and holds advanced certifications in confined space, fall protection, rigging, excavation rescue and all the hazardous material disciplines, among many other certifications in the safety field. Mike will continue to write and speak on safety topics and share his years of safety experience through this media.