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Unlocking the Hidden Potential: How RCRA Training Empowers Employers and Employees RCRA stands for the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, a federal law in the United States regulating the management of hazardous waste from its generation to its disposal (often referred to as cradle-to-grave). Governed by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), the RCRA establishes a framework for the proper management, storage, transportation, and disposal of hazardous waste to protect human health and the environment. The RCRA requires employers, who are waste generators, to train employees to understand and mitigate the risks associated with handling hazardous material wastes. Thus, RCRA training refers to the education and training programs designed to educate employees on the requirements and best practices for managing hazardous waste in compliance with RCRA regulations. Our RCRA Hazardous Waste Generator Training covers topics such as hazardous waste identification, storage, transportation, disposal, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements. This RCRA training course aims to provide the necessary knowledge to workers who must comply with EPA regulations 40 CFR Part 261 and 40 CFR Part 262, which govern the handling and management of hazardous waste under the RCRA of 1976. RCRA training may be required by federal, state, or local regulations for certain job roles, such as waste generators, transporters, and treatment or disposal facility operators, to ensure proper hazardous waste management and environmental protection. According to regulations, the RCRA Hazardous Waste Generator Training must be provided to personnel within six months of job assignment or change in job function and on an annual basis thereafter. We also offer the RCRA Hazardous Waste Generator Refresher Training for those seeking to renew their RCRA training certificate. Enroll Employees in RCRA Training to protect their health and safety!. How Do Employers Benefit by Providing RCRA Training to Employees? Compliance with Legal Requirements RCRA training ensures that employers and their employees are knowledgeable about the regulations and requirements for managing hazardous waste. This helps employers comply with federal, state, and local laws related to hazardous waste management, reducing the risk of fines, penalties, and legal liabilities. Improved Safety Culture at the Workplace Proper hazardous waste management is critical to prevent accidents, spills, and exposures that can harm employees, customers, and the environment. RCRA training equips employees with essential knowledge and skills to safely handle hazardous waste, minimizing the risk of workplace accidents and injuries. This helps to reduce employer liabilities and promotes a culture of workplace safety, safeguarding the well-being of all stakeholders involved. Cost Savings By providing RCRA training to workers, employers can achieve cost savings by efficiently managing hazardous waste, including reducing expenses related to waste disposal, clean-up, and potential legal liabilities. Additionally, costs associated with workplace catastrophes and worker compensation costs can also be curtailed. Moreover, when employees are knowledgeable about proper procedures for handling, storing, and disposing of hazardous waste, it leads to more effective and cost-efficient waste management practices. Operational Efficiency Organizations that effectively manage hazardous waste will can optimize operational efficiency by maximizing resource utilization. By enrolling workers in RCRA training, employers empower employees with the know-how to handle, store, and dispose of hazardous waste efficiently. This would also reduce incidents of work stoppage and production losses due to injury and illness. This converts into tangible cost savings, higher profits, and operational advantages for employers. Enhanced Corporate Reputation Demonstrating compliance with RCRA regulations through training can enhance an employer's reputation as a responsible and environmentally conscious organization. This can be particularly important for businesses that have verbalized their sustainability agenda, and those that operate in industries that use natural resources or are perceived to have a higher negative impact on the environment. Furthermore, appropriate training provided to employees can improve an employer’s brand image with employees who would view them as the preferred employer. By being a responsible employer and one that respects the environment, the organization would also attract environmentally aware customers, investors, and stakeholders, bolstering the organization's brand image. What Benefits Do Employees Gain from Receiving RCRA Training? Increased Safety Awareness While Handling Hazardous Waste RCRA training provides employees with the knowledge and skills to safely handle hazardous waste, which helps protect their health and well-being in the workplace. Employees learn about the potential hazards of different types of hazardous waste, proper handling techniques, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), which can improve their safety awareness and reduce the risk of accidents and injuries which could have longer-term impacts on the quality of life. Professional Development RCRA training can enhance employees' professional development by providing them with valuable knowledge and skills related to hazardous waste management. This can improve their qualifications and job prospects within their organization or in the job market, leading to potential career advancement opportunities. Compliance with Regulations RCRA training ensures that employees are knowledgeable about the regulations and requirements for managing hazardous waste, which helps them comply with legal obligations. Compliance with regulations not only protects employees but results in reducing the risk of legal liabilities and fines for the employer. Environmental Stewardship RCRA training raises awareness among employees about the importance of environmental protection through the proper management of hazardous waste. This can foster a sense of environmental stewardship, making employees more conscious of their environmental responsibilities and promoting environmentally responsible behavior both in the workplace and in their personal lives. Ultimately, adhering to RCRA can lead to many benefits for both employers and employees. Thus, by investing in RCRA training, employers are making a wise decision to safeguard the health of workers, while contributing to a safer workplace, ensuring regulatory compliance, and implementing sustainable waste management practices. Enroll Employees in RCRA Training to protect their health and safety!.

Recordkeeping Requirements for Hazardous Waste Generators Generating Hazardous Waste? Know the Recordkeeping Requirements that must be Followed According to the RCRA. All employers must safeguard the health of individuals exposed to or handling hazardous waste. To instill greater diligence in this regard, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) has developed and implemented a set of rules and regulations that must be complied with.  One part of these rules and regulations is the need for recordkeeping. Recordkeeping requirements, like training requirements, differ according to the amount of waste generated and accumulated on-site. As such large quantity generators (LQGs), small quantity generators (SQGs), and very small quantity generators (VSQGs) must strictly adhere to the RCRA recordkeeping requirements, as applicable. Take a look at the summarized table of recordkeeping requirements for LQGs, SQGs, and VSQGs. What Types of Recordkeeping are Required by the RCRA?  All sizes of waste generators can benefit from keeping proper and detailed records, However, the larger the amounts of hazardous waste being handled, the more stringent the recordkeeping requirements. As such, the RCRA gives detailed guidance on recordkeeping requirements for hazardous waste generator facilities. According to the RCRA regulations regarding recordkeeping, organizations that generate hazardous waste categorized as LQGs are required to fulfill all eight (8) types of documentation obligations explained below. However, SQGs are expected from preparing biennial reports, resulting in the need for only seven (7) types of recordkeeping requirements to be fulfilled.   Let’s discuss these recordkeeping requirements in detail: 1. Employee training records Hazardous waste personnel at LQGs must receive initial and annual re-training, as per the regulations (262.17(a)(7)(iv)), and these training sessions must be documented. Training records for current personnel must be maintained by generators until the facility is closed. For former employees, the training records must be kept for a minimum of three years from their last day of work at the facility. According to 40 CFR Part 262.17(a)(7)(v), the following records pertaining to training must be maintained by large quantity generators:  Job titles for positions related to hazardous waste. Names of employees holding these positions. Written job descriptions with specific information. Written descriptions of the type and amount of training provided. Documentation confirming successful completion of the training, such as a certificate of training. 2. Waste classification records Maintaining complete and accurate waste determination records is crucial to keep track of the composition of the waste, its origin, applicable treatment standards, and potential exclusions. These records can also serve as proof of the waste's characteristics. Regardless of whether the material is classified as hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste, or recyclable or reusable material, LQGs must document how this waste was classified and maintain those records.  According to 40 CFR Part 262.11(f), the following details must be recorded about the waste determination process: Results of any tests, sampling, analyses, or other determinations. Documentation of the methods used for the tests, sampling, analyses, etc. Records showing the process that generated the waste. The waste's composition and properties. All relevant waste codes, such as D001, D002, F003, etc. All such waste determination records must be retained by generators for a minimum of three years following the last instance of sending the waste for treatment, storage, or disposal.  3. Hazardous waste manifests In the United States, the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest is utilized as a means of monitoring the transportation of hazardous waste. Once a generator has received a signed copy from the receiving facility (i.e., a treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDF)), that particular copy must be preserved as a record for a minimum of three years from the date on which the waste was accepted by the initial transporter. During the interim period while waiting for the receiving facility to return a copy of the Manifest, generators are advised to maintain a copy for their records in the event of discrepancies or other complications. To align with the increasingly tech-savvy world and transition to paperless systems and processes, the EPA launched the electronic manifest (e-Manifest) option for hazardous waste generators on June 30, 2018. For more information about the e-manifest systems, click here. Remember that hazardous waste manifests must be signed by an authorized person, and he or she must receive the proper training to do so! 4. Hazardous waste contingency plan Large quantity generators are required to have an RCRA contingency plan to ensure that emergency responders and personnel have access to accurate and current information to guide their emergency response efforts. Additionally, LQGs must create a quick reference guide for their contingency plan that includes eight (8) specific elements. The contingency plan must be updated or amended immediately in the event of changes to regulations, a failure of the plan during an emergency, facility modifications, a change in emergency coordinators, or modifications to the list of emergency equipment.  The regulations governing the purpose, content, and distribution of written contingency plans can be found in 40 CFR Part 262, Subpart M. 5. Hazardous Waste Incident Reports If an incident involving hazardous waste necessitates the activation of the contingency plan, the generator is required to document the event's date, time, and specifics. Additionally, within 15 days of the incident, the generator must submit a written report of the incident to the regional EPA administrator. This incident report should include the following details: Name, address, and telephone number of the generator. Date, time, and type of incident (e.g., fire, explosion). Name and quantity of the hazardous material(s) involved. Information about injuries, if any. An assessment of actual or potential hazards, where applicable. Estimated quantity and disposition of the recovered material resulting from the incident. 6. Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) Documentation The RCRA regulations establish a hazardous waste management system from the point of generation to final disposal, known as cradle-to-grave. Even after the hazardous waste is disposed of, records pertaining to compliance with land disposal restrictions must be retained. Hazardous waste generators are required to keep copies of LDR-related records for a minimum of three years after the waste is sent for treatment, storage, or disposal. The Land Ban Form, Compliance Certifications, One-time Notice to File, and Waste Analysis Plans are some of the documents that must be prepared by hazardous waste generators. For more information about these LDR recordkeeping documents, refer to 40 CFR Part 268.7(a).  7. Records for Tank and Central Storage Area Inspections Hazardous waste generators are required to regularly inspect the tank and central storage areas as per the 40 CFR Parts 262 and 265. The regulations also mandate recordkeeping of the daily tank inspections. Keeping records of the weekly storage area inspections is not explicitly required by the regulations, but it is considered a best management practice as it provides evidence that the generator has met the inspection requirements. The facility should retain tank inspection records until it ceases operation. Additionally, according to 40 CFR Parts 265.191(a) and 192(a) and (g), LQGs are required to keep an engineer's evaluation of the storage tank system's integrity until the facility closes. 8. The Biennial Report According to Federal hazardous waste regulations, LQGs are required to submit a Biennial Report every even-numbered year (2024, 2026, etc.) by March 1st. This report must detail the type, quantity, and disposition of hazardous waste(s) generated or stored during the previous year. Additionally, according to 40 CFR Part 262.40(b), hazardous waste generators are required to keep a copy of their biennial report for at least three years after the due date. As part of the Biennial Report (EPA Form 8700-13A/B), generators are required to provide specific details, such as: The EPA ID number of the facility, The name and address of the facility, The quantity and type of hazardous waste generated, and Whether the hazardous waste was sent for recycling, treatment, storage, or disposal. It should be noted that state-level regulations may vary, as the EPA allows most states to establish and implement additional, more stringent requirements for hazardous waste generators within their jurisdiction. For example, some states may mandate LGQ to submit an annual report rather than a biennial report. Also note, that small quantity generators are not required to submit a biennial report, although preparing one is considered a good and safe work practice! Training Requirements According to the RCRA While recordkeeping is important when generating hazardous waste, equally important is the need to provide training to employees and other workers involved in handling hazardous waste in organizations across all types of industries that produce hazardous waste. Thus, employers must provide RCRA Training to workers in their facilities to comply with regulations and protect the health of workers. This requires both RCRA initial training when starting the job role and RCRA annual refresher training thereafter. Additionally, any organization involved in the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste must train employees according to the HAZWOPER standards. 

Who is Responsible for Designating a Competent Person?The designation of a competent person may vary depending on the industry and the specific task at hand. In general, it is the responsibility of the employer to designate a competent person who has the necessary training, experience, and knowledge to carry out a particular task safely and effectively.In some cases, industry standards or regulations may provide specific criteria for who can be designated as a competent person. For example, in construction, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that a competent person be designated to oversee certain activities, such as excavations or scaffolding.Ultimately, the designation of a competent person should be based on an objective evaluation of the individual's qualifications and ability to perform the task safely and effectively.

The top 20 frequently asked questions about hazardous materials (HAZMAT) Who needs hazmat training? Individuals who handle, transport, or ship hazardous materials in the United States are required to undergo hazmat training as per the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) set by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). Who provides hazmat placards for hazmat shipments? The shipper of hazardous materials is responsible for providing and affixing the appropriate hazmat placards to the transport vehicle or container as per the HMR guidelines. Who regulates hazardous materials in the US? The transportation of hazardous materials in the United States is regulated by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), a division of the Department of Transportation (DOT). When does hazmat training expire? Hazmat training certification expires after three years, as per the HMR guidelines. Recurrent hazmat training is required to maintain certification. What sort of training record should be kept for HAZMAT employees? Training records must be kept by the hazmat employer for each hazmat employee, and must include the following: the hazmat employee’s name; the completion date of the most recent training; training materials used (copy, description, or location); the name and address of the hazmat trainer; and certification that the hazmat employee has been trained and tested. Training records must be retained for each hazmat employee for three years from the date of the last training, and for 90 days after the employee leaves. Which training is needed? Training - a systematic program (consistent approach, testing, and documentation) that ensures a hazmat employee has knowledge of hazmat and the HMR, and can perform assigned hazmat functions properly. Click here to view all available HAZMAT training. Who needs a DOT hazardous materials security plan? Any person or entity that handles, offers for transport, or transports hazardous materials in commerce, and is required to register with the DOT, is mandated to have a written hazardous materials security plan as per the HMR regulations. This applies to shippers, carriers, freight forwarders, and any other entity that comes under the HMR jurisdiction. Who is a HAZMAT employer? Hazmat employer - a person who uses one or more employees regarding: transporting hazmat in commerce; causing hazmat to be transported or shipped in commerce; or designing, manufacturing, fabricating, inspecting, representing, marking, certifying, selling, offering, reconditioning, testing, repairing, or modifying packagings as qualified for use in the transportation of hazmat. The definition of "hazmat employer" encompasses not only private companies, but also any branch of the United States government, a state government, a political subdivision of a state, or a Native American Indian tribe that engages in the transportation or offering of hazardous materials in commerce. The term also applies to individuals who are self-employed, such as owner-operators of commercial motor vehicles that transport hazardous materials in commerce. What information is mandatory on hazmat shipping papers? The hazardous materials shipping paper must contain the proper shipping name, hazard class, identification number, packing group, and emergency response information among other things as per the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) outlined by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). What is the correct order for providing the basic description of hazmat? The basic description of hazardous materials should be presented in the following sequence: Proper Shipping Name, Hazard Class, Identification Number, and Packing Group as per the HMR guidelines. What is the hazmat shipping table (49 CFR 172.101) and its significance in hazmat transportation? The hazmat shipping table (49 CFR 172.101) is a list of hazardous materials along with their proper shipping names, hazard classes, identification numbers, packing groups, and other information relevant to the safe transportation of these materials. It is significant as it provides information required to properly classify, label, package, and handle hazardous materials during transportation. At what point is a hazmat shipment considered to be in "bulk" volume? A hazmat shipment is considered to be in "bulk" volume when it meets any of the following criteria: the total volume of the material being shipped is greater than 119 gallons for a liquid or 882 pounds for a solid, or the material is transported in a single container that exceeds 1,000 pounds gross weight. Does IMDG Code, ICAO Technical Instructions, OSHA, or EPA training fulfill the HMR requirements? The training requirements for the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) in the United States are governed by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) of the Department of Transportation (DOT). While the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Technical Instructions provide guidance for the safe transportation of hazardous materials by sea and air, respectively, they do not fulfill the HMR training requirements. Similarly, training provided by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) may not meet the HMR training requirements as they have their own regulations and training programs specific to their areas of jurisdiction. To comply with the HMR training requirements, individuals must complete a DOT-approved hazardous materials training program that meets the requirements specified in 49 CFR Part 172 Subpart H. Who will enforce the training requirements in §172.704? Enforcement is the responsibility of each U.S. DOT modal administration. Compliance or noncompliance with the training rule will be determined during safety and compliance reviews of shippers, carriers, and package manufacturers. What are the penalties for violating Hazmat regulations? Violations of any hazmat regulations including training may be subject to a civil penalty of up to $77,114 for each violation. If the violation results in death, serious illness, or severe injury to any person or substantial destruction of property, the maximum civil penalty is $179,933. The minimum civil penalty amount for a training violation is $463. Criminal violations may result in fines, imprisonment, or both. An office secretary types the required hazmat description on a shipping paper at the direction of another, item by item. Is the secretary considered to be a hazmat employee requiring training? Yes. Any person who performs a function subject to the HMR must be trained, except for special circumstances addressed by §172.704(e). Do the hazmat training regulations apply to foreign flag vessels carrying hazmat? Yes. The regulations apply to each non-bulk domestic and foreign vessel while operating in navigable waters of the United States. Do hazmat training regulations apply to employees working with materials that are consumer commodities? Yes. Consumer commodities are listed as ORM-D in the hazardous materials table §172.101. Does a Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) with HM/tank vehicle endorsement satisfy requirements? Yes, a Commercial Driver's License (CDL) with a hazardous materials (HM) and/or tank vehicle endorsement may satisfy some of the training requirements for employees who handle and transport hazardous materials. However, a hazmat employer must evaluate the employee's specific job functions and determine whether the CDL endorsement alone satisfies all of the training requirements under the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR). According to the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) of the Department of Transportation (DOT), a hazmat employer must provide additional hazardous materials training for functions not covered by the CDL endorsement. This may include specific information on the hazardous materials being transported, proper handling and loading/unloading procedures, emergency response procedures, and other safety and security measures. The training must be based on the specific job functions of the employee and be designed to ensure that the employee is knowledgeable and competent to perform their job safely and in compliance with the HMR. Who to reach if I have additional questions? The Hazardous Materials Info Center 1-800-HMR-4922 (1-800-467-4922) Email: infocntr@dot.gov http://hazmat.dot.gov Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration East Building, 2nd Floor 1200 New Jersey Ave., SE Washington, DC 20590 Email: training@dot.gov 202-366-4900

What are the 5 Requirements that HAZWOPER Facilities Must Have?HAZWOPER (Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response) facilities are facilities that handle hazardous materials and are subject to regulations under the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States. Here are the 5 requirements that HAZWOPER facilities must have: Written safety and health program: HAZWOPER facilities must have a written safety and health program that outlines the procedures and policies for managing hazardous materials, responding to emergencies, and protecting workers.Employee training: All employees who work with hazardous materials must receive training that covers the hazards associated with their job, how to use protective equipment, and how to respond to emergencies.Medical surveillance: HAZWOPER facilities must provide medical surveillance to employees who are exposed to hazardous materials in order to monitor their health and detect any early signs of illness or injury.Personal protective equipment: HAZWOPER facilities must provide and ensure the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect employees from hazards associated with their work.Site-specific safety plan: HAZWOPER facilities must develop a site-specific safety plan that identifies the hazards associated with the specific worksite and outlines the procedures and policies for managing those hazards.

A Competent PersonIs someone who has the knowledge, training, and experience to identify and mitigate hazards in the workplace. The definition of a competent person varies by industry and type of work, but generally, a competent person is someone who has the authority to make decisions about safety and take corrective action when necessary.In some cases, regulatory bodies such as OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) require the appointment of a competent person for specific tasks or operations, such as excavation work or confined space entry. The competent person must have the necessary training and experience to perform the task safely and ensure that employees are protected from workplace hazards. The competent person may also be responsible for training employees, inspecting equipment, and monitoring the work environment to ensure that safety standards are met.The term "Competent Person" appears in several OSHA standards and documents. According to OSHA's definition [29 CFR 1926.32(f)], a "competent person" is someone who can recognize existing and predictable hazards in the work environment, which are unsafe, unhygienic, or dangerous for employees, and who has the authority to take corrective action to eliminate them. A competent person is typically knowledgeable about the relevant standards, can identify workplace hazards related to the operation, and has the authority to take appropriate corrective measures.Click here to view our competent person training series.

How Many Sections are in the HAZWOPER Regulation?The Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) regulation is divided into several sections. The specific number of sections can vary depending on how the regulation is being referenced or interpreted.However, the most common way of breaking down the regulation is into five sections, which are often referred to as "subparts." These subparts are:    Subpart A - General Provisions    Subpart B - Emergency Response Plan    Subpart C - Training    Subpart D - On-Site Treatment and Storage of Hazardous Waste    Subpart E - Off-Site Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous WasteSome interpretations may also include additional sections or subparts, such as the section on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), which is covered in Subpart E, or the section on Medical Surveillance, which is covered in Subpart H.

How to Meet U.S. DOT Training Regulations for Shipping and Safety Precautions Humans Need to Follow When Handling Lithium? Handling lithium batteries and cells can be a complicated and potentially hazardous process. In the United States, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) has established strict regulations that govern the shipment of these materials to ensure safety and compliance. This article will explore the key U.S. DOT training regulations for shipping fully regulated and excepted lithium batteries and cells. Firstly, it's important to understand that there are two types of lithium batteries and cells: fully regulated and excepted. Fully regulated batteries and cells are those that meet certain criteria, such as containing more than a certain amount of lithium. On the other hand, excepted batteries and cells are those that don't meet these criteria and are therefore considered less dangerous to ship. To comply with U.S. DOT regulations, anyone involved in shipping fully regulated lithium batteries and cells must receive proper training. The training must cover the safe handling and packaging of these materials, as well as the specific regulations that apply to their shipment. The training must covers the security awareness training requirements of the DOT Hazardous Material Regulations (HMR; 49 CFR Parts 171-180). Also, OSHA requires that employees whose job function directly affects the safe transportation of hazardous materials must receive training within 90 days after employment or a change in job function. The U.S. DOT requires that all packages containing these materials be properly labeled with a lithium battery mark and other required information, such as the UN number and proper shipping name. In addition, shippers must provide proper documentation, shipping manifest, including a shipping paper or air waybill. We invite you to explore our online library of Lithium courses that comprehensively cover the OSHA and DOT requirements. In summary, the U.S. DOT has established strict training regulations for the shipment of fully regulated and excepted lithium batteries and cells to ensure safety and compliance. Anyone involved in shipping these materials must receive proper training on the safe handling and packaging of these materials, as well as the specific regulations that apply to their shipment. By following these regulations, shippers can help ensure the safe and compliant transportation of these potentially hazardous materials. Some of the key safety precautions that humans need to follow when handling lithium include: 1.   Proper protective gear: Wear personal protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, and lab coats to avoid skin or eye contact with lithium. 2.    Proper storage: Store lithium in a cool, dry place away from sources of heat and moisture to avoid any reactions or hazards. 3.    Proper handling: Lithium should be handled with care, using tools made of non-reactive materials. Avoid contact with skin or any other body part. 4.    Ventilation: Work in well-ventilated areas to avoid inhalation of dust or fumes, which can cause respiratory irritation. 5.    Fire safety: Lithium can ignite when exposed to air, so it is important to avoid open flames, sparks, or smoking when handling lithium. Also, keep fire extinguishers nearby. 6.    Emergency response: Be aware of emergency response procedures in case of accidents, and know how to properly extinguish any fires that may occur. 7.    Disposal: Always dispose of lithium according to local and federal regulations. Do not dispose of lithium in the trash or other general waste streams. What is the number of Lewis dots present in lithium? Being a member of Group 1 in the periodic table, lithium possesses just one valence electron which resides in the 2s orbital. This solitary electron is denoted as a dot around the symbol of lithium.

Lithium Batteries Shipping Calls for Added Precautions! In today’s modern world, we all have an everyday association with lithium batteries. Lithium batteries power a range of rechargeable devices such as cellphones, laptops, watches, and even vehicles.  What is a lithium battery? It is a rechargeable battery that uses lithium ions for storing energy and has a higher energy density and lower self-discharge rate compared to other types of batteries. This makes lithium batteries a popular choice to power modern electronics.  While lithium battery usage is popular and becoming more so day by day, there are various safety concerns linked to them as they contain flammable electrolytes inside. Yes, the lithium batteries found in our portable electronic devices can be life-threatening, if mishandled and misused. And its usage popularity increases the safety and health risks for workers handling lithium battery shipments.  To reduce such risks and minimize worker hazard exposure, those who ship lithium batteries must be aware of, and put into practice, the U.S. Department of Transportation’s regulatory requirements as detailed in the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR). This will require workers to be trained on safe practices to ensure the safer transportation of lithium batteries by air, highway, rail, and water.  In this article, we will discuss how to safely ship lithium batteries to eliminate or minimize prevailing hazards. Did You Know? The devices containing lithium batteries are classified as dangerous goods and require specific packaging, labeling, marking, and shipping regulations. Important Considerations When Shipping Lithium Batteries Various regulatory bodies have created rules and regulations to be followed before lithium batteries are shipped. Non-compliance with these rules and regulations could lead to fines and penalties for the organization but may have more serious impacts on employee safety and contamination of the natural environment. Therefore, during transportation, ensure lithium batteries are correctly declared, stored, labeled, and packaged. Personnel involved in the shipping process must have adequate knowledge and training for the proper handling of lithium batteries.  Let’s better understand these rules and regulations for the safe handling of lithium battery shipments. Rule# 1: Choose the Right Shipping Company Be mindful that the shipping company you choose to transport lithium batteries has in place the necessary knowledge and any certifications, as relevant. Lithium batteries may catch fire, burst, or leak while being shipped, hence they are subject to specific regulations. Lithium batteries that are damaged or old and being discarded or recycled also have a set of regulations to be complied with. For instance, the DOT HMR covers all modes of transportation for lithium battery shipments. Maritime shipment of lithium batteries is further regulated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, while the International Air Transport Association’s (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) regulates lithium batteries shipped by air.  These regulations ensure that lithium batteries are safely shipped by guiding shippers and carriers on implementing appropriate packaging, labeling, marking, loading, unloading, and handling processes.  Before lithium batteries are shipped, it is important to identify a reputable carrier following and complying with the regulations as set out by the DOT HMR, IATA DGR, and the LMDG Code.  Remember! Check that employees of these carriers are also properly trained to correctly handle lithium battery shipments as per regulations. Rule# 2: Label and Mark the Shipment Appropriately Often, shipping companies provide the shipper with a Shipping Guide mentioning the specific requirements for labeling lithium batteries shipments as per regulations under the relevant mode of transport used for shipment, i.e., highway, rail, air, or water.  Mitigating the health and safety risks associated with the transportation of lithium batteries requires the right labeling and marking of lithium battery shipments. Two factors must be adhered to while labeling lithium batteries for transportation: 1. Proper Classification: We already know that lithium batteries are hazardous materials therefore, it is mandatory to specifically label them as hazardous while shipping them. Lithium batteries are further classified depending on battery type and watt-hour rating. The details are given in the relevant regulations such as the DOT Hazardous Materials Regulations. For more information on identifying and classifying lithium batteries, read our blog - The Dos and Don’ts of Shipping Lithium Batteries 2. Relevant Marking: Lithium batteries are categorized as lithium ion batteries and lithium metal batteries. The United Nations Committee of Experts has classified lithium batteries into six types, assigning specific UN Numbers and proper shipping names to each type. Every lithium battery transported must be marked as per its respective shipping name and the UN number. S.No UN Number Shipping Name 1 UN 3480 Lithium-ion batteries (rechargeable) 2 UN 3481 Lithium-ion batteries contained in equipment 3 UN 3481 Lithium-ion batteries packed with equipment 4 UN 3090 Lithium metal batteries (non-rechargeable lithium batteries) 5 UN 3091 Lithium metal batteries contained in equipment 6 UN 3091 Lithium metal batteries packed with equipment Rule# 3: Run Relevant Tests Accurately Prior to lithium batteries shipping, the producers and distributors of lithium batteries must provide the shipping company with a Test Summary Report (TSR) as per the requirement of the United Nations (UN) Manual of Tests and Criteria, Section 38.3, Effective January 21, 2022. Without the availability of the TSR, shipping lithium batteries are prohibited.  The UN 38.3 has set out 6 tests for assessing the safety of lithium batteries during transportation. These include: Altitude simulations Thermal test Vibration test Shock test External short-circuit test Overcharge test The UN 38.3 tests are designed to evaluate the condition and stability of lithium batteries to reduce the risks during their shipment. All test results must be documented and made available to the shipping company and other relevant parties. Lithium batteries must pass the UN 38.3 tests in order to be shipped by any mode of transport. Rule# 4: Packaging of the Shipment The United Nations recommendations for the road, rail, air, sea, or multi-modal transportation of dangerous goods are in line with the regulations as set out by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), IATA, IMO, and the U.S DOT.  According to these regulations, each lithium battery should be packed separately to prevent short circuits and damage. Foam, bubble wrap, or other types of recommended protective packaging must be used to protect the batteries from damage. The packaging should be strong enough to prevent crushing and withstand normal handling. Note: Testing is done before shipment to ensure that the batteries will remain protected if dropped, stacked, or accidentally exposed to moisture and other variables. What if the Regulations are not Complied With? To ensure the health and safety of employees, property, and the environment, authorities have developed regulations for the safe shipment of lithium batteries. These regulations must be followed by all shipping companies, airline and vessel operators, as well as railway companies and trucks and other vehicles transporting lithium batteries in commerce.  Non-compliance with regulatory guidelines will result in the shipment being rejected by the shipper/carrier. Mis-declaration of goods or violating regulatory guidelines would result in penalties, discredit amongst peers, or lawsuits, while increasing employee health risks and negatively impacting the reputation of the business. In addition, non-compliance with safety regulations can be fatal causing explosions, air crashes, and other accidents leading to far-reaching negative impacts and gravely undermining the lithium battery safety procedures and regulations. Training to Support Employer Compliance It is mandatory for employers and employees involved in any aspect of shipping lithium batteries to obtain appropriate safety training to be aware of the safe handling of lithium batteries and comply with the regulatory requirements while increasing safety and health at the workplace and during transportation.  Our DOT, IATA, and IMDG Shipping Lithium Batteries training courses cover the training requirements as set forth by the DOT HMR, IATA DGR, and IMDG Code. We offer comprehensive 10-hour training for shipping lithium batteries covering both regulated and except lithium batteries, as well as training that covers each of these types of lithium battery shipments separately.  Our 1-hour Lithium Batteries Awareness Training course is ideal for the general public to increase their awareness of the hazards associated with using and handling lithium batteries. References Code of Federal Regulation (CFR). (n.d.). Transportation. Website. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-I/subchapter-CInternational Air Transport Association (IATA). (n.d.). Dangerous Goods Regulations. Website. https://www.iata.org/en/publications/dgr/International Air Transport Association (IATA). (n.d.). Lithium Batteries. Website. https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/lithium-batteries/International Air Transport Association (IATA). (2020). Transport of Lithium Metal and Lithium Ion Batteries. Website. https://www.iata.org/contentassets/05e6d8742b0047259bf3a700bc9d42b9/lithium-battery-guidance-document-2020.pdfInternational Maritime Organization (IMO), (n.d.). The International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code. Website. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/DangerousGoods-default.aspxU.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. (Revised September 2021). Lithium Battery Guide for Shippers [PDF]. Website. https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/sites/phmsa.dot.gov/files/2021-09/Lithium-Battery-Guide.pdf

The Fundamentals of Workplace Injuries - An Essential Read! Workplace safety is of paramount importance as it plays a vital role in the well-being of employees, reduces occurrences of accidents and worker injuries, and supports organizational success. Injuries and illnesses cause physical pain, emotional stress, and financial problems for affected employees and their families. From an employer perspective, occurrences of accidents and injuries at the workplace can lead to increased absenteeism, higher healthcare and insurance costs, and worker compensation claims. Workplace injuries and accidents also have a negative impact on organizational reputation and productivity, and resultantly on the bottom line of a company. Additionally, employers will also be vulnerable to penalties by regulators such as the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), and possible litigation. When an employer invests wisely toward a safe and secure workplace, such efforts help raise employee morale and the standing of the employer, while positively impacting productivity, job satisfaction, and the corporate brand. In the long run, organizations also gain financial benefits from sound safety programs at the workplace. Aside from these reasons, employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to ensure employees work in a safe environment, where every effort to reduce or eliminate risks of injury and accidents has been made. Carelessness Can Cost a Life! Workplace injuries are very common in the United States. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), in 2021, 2.6 million non-fatal workplace injuries were recorded countrywide. Many workplace injuries, due to their severity, often result in death. Sadly, as reported by the BLS, workplace injuries resulted in 5,190 fatalities in the United States in 2021 which was 8.9% higher than reported in 2020. Such statistics bear testament to gaps in implementing and following safety protocols and practices, both by the employer and employee. Every Life Matters! If employers and organizations need more reasons to develop and execute a comprehensive workplace safety plan to minimize worker injuries – then know that employees have a right to report workplace hazards to OSHA. Such complaints can lead to OSHA inspections and investigations disrupting operations and having a negative impact on employees and other stakeholders. Did You Know? OSHA has enacted a whistleblower protection program to safeguard employees from retaliation if they report any safety hazards at the workplace or violations of OSHA standards or other regulations by their employers. We can therefore surmise that providing a safe work environment for employees is a fundamental responsibility of employers irrespective of the size of the organization and length of employment. Understand Workplace Hazards to Minimize Worker Injuries Workplace injuries can occur anywhere at any time, in small and large organizations, in office or factory settings, and across industries, inside buildings, or outdoors. In some situations, such as hazardous waste operations, working at excavation sites, doing various construction-related tasks, mining operations, and during the transportation of hazmat, the risks of accidents and injury to workers are much higher as are the procedures that must be followed for their safety. Injuries can also materialize when all precautions have been taken, however, emphasizing safe work practices, and communicating them to employees is vital for success. To do this, employers and employees must understand the major causes of injuries at their workplace and the methods of reducing or eliminating the hazards that cause them. Being aware today of how injuries occur, will result in creating a safer workplace for tomorrow. The 6 Main Causes of Workplace Injuries and How to Overcome Them Let’s discuss some common causes of workplace injuries and the basics of how to reduce injury occurrences. Excessive Exertion LIFTING HEAVY OBJECTS AWKWARD POSTURES These injuries occur when a person applies too much force while handling or carrying objects. These injuries may be caused by lifting or carrying heavy loads, repetitive motions, discomfiting postures, and inadequate rest breaks. Such injuries are common in manufacturing, construction, and healthcare industries, where employees must lift, carry, or move heavy objects or equipment. Examples of excessive exertion injuries are sprains and strains of the neck, back, or other parts of the body. Over-exertion may result in hernias and other more serious internal injuries. Employers must teach employees safe lifting and carrying techniques, make available equipment to assist with heavy lifting, and encourage good ergonomics while fulfilling work tasks. Hit by an Object IMMOVABLE MACHINERY MOVABLE TOOLS / EQUIPMENT A worker can be hit by an object, equipment, or tool in a variety of occupations, including carrying out work tasks in the construction, manufacturing, or transportation sectors. This hazard can cause head injuries, fractures, and even amputations. Such injuries occur when workers are struck by moving vehicles or tools; or when they collide with immovable heavy equipment, as well as working in areas where objects may fall from a higher level (for example, scaffolding). Struck-by-object injuries can be prevented by the installation of toe boards, and ensuring employees wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as hard hats. Falls, Slips, and Trips It is not necessary that a person only gets injured when falling from an elevated surface, such as a ladder or scaffold. Workplace injuries also occur by slipping or falling on the same level due to a wet floor, uneven walking path, or an area with insufficient lighting. Enroll in our Scaffolding Safety Training Course Employees working at heights or using ladders are more susceptible to fall injuries. However, the severity of the injury depends on two variables: (1) the height of the fall, and (2) the surface on which the person lands. Falling from a height of more than 10 feet (3.1 meters) is considered high risk, and OSHA requires specific safeguards such as a personal fall arrest system or the installation of guardrails (or both) to safeguard employees from falling to a lower level. Over time, the construction, manufacturing, and healthcare industries have often reported injuries from falls, trips, and slips, resulting in sprains, strains, broken bones, spinal injuries, cuts, head injuries, and even deaths. FALL FROM HEIGHT FALL ON SAME LEVEL TRIPS WITHOUT A FALL Injuries from falls and slips can be averted by implementing several precautionary measures, including: Maintaining a clean and well-lit workplace, Supplying slip-resistant footwear to workers if work is carried out on wet or slippery floors, Having designated walking paths, and ensuring these are free of debris and other hazards such as black ice during the winter season, Putting in place safety systems such as guardrails and safety nets, Providing personal fall arrest systems for each employee, and Ensuring ladders and other equipment used to climb to heights are well-maintained and not damaged. Enroll in our Competent Person for Fall Protection Training Course Non-Roadside Incidents Accidents may occur outside of the traditional roadway system, such as at a construction site, an industrial facility, or private property. These incidents are not only caused by vehicles, but also other heavy equipment, driver or operator error, malfunctioning of machinery, hazardous conditions, unsuitable weather conditions, and non-compliance with safety regulations or law enforcement. The injuries these accidents bring about include physical harm, financial loss, and emotional trauma for the victim and his family. These incidents can be avoided by offering proper training to employees, undertaking regular inspections, maintenance of machinery, and devising and implementing sound emergency plans. Roadside Accidents Roadway accidents occur on public roads, such as highways, streets, and intersections; and can involve cars, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles, and pedestrians. Distracted, impaired, or reckless driving, unsatisfactory road conditions, traffic congestion, and mechanical failure are common causes of such incidents. Workers involved in transportation jobs are most often exposed to such hazards. However, any person, working in any job in any industry is at risk because roads are used to travel to the workplace and back. The effects of these injuries can be as severe as fatalities, property damage, and emotional trauma for the individuals directly involved and those indirectly impacted. To minimize road accidents, people should comply with traffic rules, avoid distractions while driving, maintain their vehicles, follow traffic signals, and be aware of the surroundings, pedestrians, and other drivers. Caught in, or Compressed by an Object or Equipment These injuries come about when a person's body is caught, pinched, or compressed by equipment, tools, or other objects. Industries such as construction, manufacturing, and agriculture report these injuries being usually caused by equipment malfunctioning, improper use of equipment, or lack of appropriate safety measures. Here are examples of caught in or compressed by equipment or objects injuries that often occur in workplaces. Crush Injuries When a body part is caught between two heavy objects, such as a person's hand being caught in a machine. Amputations When a body part is chopped off by machinery or equipment. Fractures When a bone is broken because of the force of equipment or objects within which a link is stuck. Lacerations When a person's skin is cut by equipment, tools, or objects. To prevent such injuries, employers must educate workers to use equipment properly, impose safety procedures such as the installation of machine guards, regularly inspect and maintain equipment, and mandate the use of PPE where required. Workers should be able to identify workplace hazards and must be aware of how to minimize them, and when required, respond to emergencies. A Mandatory Measure for Reducing Workplace Injuries: Safety Training One tried and tested method to reduce workplace injuries and accidents is to provide workers with mandated online training and on-the-job training. OSHA specifies training for employees to understand hazards when exposed to various job roles and tasks. The range of 2-hour safety training courses to 40-hour courses together with specific work-site training and on-the-job training, as relevant. We develop safety training courses for a range of industries and occupations. Our team of OSHA-authorized instructors has developed training courses that are OSHA-compliant and meet the training needs of the construction industry, general industry, and OSHA’s HAZWOPER standards. We offer training courses aligned to EPA’s Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) for hazardous waste generators. We have also created safety training courses in line with the training needs specified by the Department of Transportation’s Hazardous Materials Regulations (DOT HMR) for the transportation of hazmat and lithium batteries via highway, rail, air, and water. Our safety training courses can be taken online, or we can arrange for client-site in-person training or virtual instructor-led training, whichever is more suitable for your organization. Our aim is to support employers to fulfill organizational training needs to forestall workplace injuries and accidents and create a safe work environment! References: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2022 November). Total of 5,190 fatal work injuries in 2021, up 8.9% from 2020. Website. https://www.bls.gov/iif/news.htm U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2022 December). Employers report 2.6 million injury and illness cases in 2021, down 1.8% from 2020. Website. https://www.bls.gov/iif/news.htm