Our Safety Blogs

Who is Responsible for Designating a Competent Person?The designation of a competent person may vary depending on the industry and the specific task at hand. In general, it is the responsibility of the employer to designate a competent person who has the necessary training, experience, and knowledge to carry out a particular task safely and effectively.In some cases, industry standards or regulations may provide specific criteria for who can be designated as a competent person. For example, in construction, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that a competent person be designated to oversee certain activities, such as excavations or scaffolding.Ultimately, the designation of a competent person should be based on an objective evaluation of the individual's qualifications and ability to perform the task safely and effectively.

The top 20 frequently asked questions about hazardous materials (HAZMAT) Who needs hazmat training? Individuals who handle, transport, or ship hazardous materials in the United States are required to undergo hazmat training as per the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) set by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). Who provides hazmat placards for hazmat shipments? The shipper of hazardous materials is responsible for providing and affixing the appropriate hazmat placards to the transport vehicle or container as per the HMR guidelines. Who regulates hazardous materials in the US? The transportation of hazardous materials in the United States is regulated by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), a division of the Department of Transportation (DOT). When does hazmat training expire? Hazmat training certification expires after three years, as per the HMR guidelines. Recurrent hazmat training is required to maintain certification. What sort of training record should be kept for HAZMAT employees? Training records must be kept by the hazmat employer for each hazmat employee, and must include the following: the hazmat employee’s name; the completion date of the most recent training; training materials used (copy, description, or location); the name and address of the hazmat trainer; and certification that the hazmat employee has been trained and tested. Training records must be retained for each hazmat employee for three years from the date of the last training, and for 90 days after the employee leaves. Which training is needed? Training - a systematic program (consistent approach, testing, and documentation) that ensures a hazmat employee has knowledge of hazmat and the HMR, and can perform assigned hazmat functions properly. Click here to view all available HAZMAT training. Who needs a DOT hazardous materials security plan? Any person or entity that handles, offers for transport, or transports hazardous materials in commerce, and is required to register with the DOT, is mandated to have a written hazardous materials security plan as per the HMR regulations. This applies to shippers, carriers, freight forwarders, and any other entity that comes under the HMR jurisdiction. Who is a HAZMAT employer? Hazmat employer - a person who uses one or more employees regarding: transporting hazmat in commerce; causing hazmat to be transported or shipped in commerce; or designing, manufacturing, fabricating, inspecting, representing, marking, certifying, selling, offering, reconditioning, testing, repairing, or modifying packagings as qualified for use in the transportation of hazmat. The definition of "hazmat employer" encompasses not only private companies, but also any branch of the United States government, a state government, a political subdivision of a state, or a Native American Indian tribe that engages in the transportation or offering of hazardous materials in commerce. The term also applies to individuals who are self-employed, such as owner-operators of commercial motor vehicles that transport hazardous materials in commerce. What information is mandatory on hazmat shipping papers? The hazardous materials shipping paper must contain the proper shipping name, hazard class, identification number, packing group, and emergency response information among other things as per the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) outlined by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). What is the correct order for providing the basic description of hazmat? The basic description of hazardous materials should be presented in the following sequence: Proper Shipping Name, Hazard Class, Identification Number, and Packing Group as per the HMR guidelines. What is the hazmat shipping table (49 CFR 172.101) and its significance in hazmat transportation? The hazmat shipping table (49 CFR 172.101) is a list of hazardous materials along with their proper shipping names, hazard classes, identification numbers, packing groups, and other information relevant to the safe transportation of these materials. It is significant as it provides information required to properly classify, label, package, and handle hazardous materials during transportation. At what point is a hazmat shipment considered to be in "bulk" volume? A hazmat shipment is considered to be in "bulk" volume when it meets any of the following criteria: the total volume of the material being shipped is greater than 119 gallons for a liquid or 882 pounds for a solid, or the material is transported in a single container that exceeds 1,000 pounds gross weight. Does IMDG Code, ICAO Technical Instructions, OSHA, or EPA training fulfill the HMR requirements? The training requirements for the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) in the United States are governed by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) of the Department of Transportation (DOT). While the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Technical Instructions provide guidance for the safe transportation of hazardous materials by sea and air, respectively, they do not fulfill the HMR training requirements. Similarly, training provided by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) may not meet the HMR training requirements as they have their own regulations and training programs specific to their areas of jurisdiction. To comply with the HMR training requirements, individuals must complete a DOT-approved hazardous materials training program that meets the requirements specified in 49 CFR Part 172 Subpart H. Who will enforce the training requirements in §172.704? Enforcement is the responsibility of each U.S. DOT modal administration. Compliance or noncompliance with the training rule will be determined during safety and compliance reviews of shippers, carriers, and package manufacturers. What are the penalties for violating Hazmat regulations? Violations of any hazmat regulations including training may be subject to a civil penalty of up to $77,114 for each violation. If the violation results in death, serious illness, or severe injury to any person or substantial destruction of property, the maximum civil penalty is $179,933. The minimum civil penalty amount for a training violation is $463. Criminal violations may result in fines, imprisonment, or both. An office secretary types the required hazmat description on a shipping paper at the direction of another, item by item. Is the secretary considered to be a hazmat employee requiring training? Yes. Any person who performs a function subject to the HMR must be trained, except for special circumstances addressed by §172.704(e). Do the hazmat training regulations apply to foreign flag vessels carrying hazmat? Yes. The regulations apply to each non-bulk domestic and foreign vessel while operating in navigable waters of the United States. Do hazmat training regulations apply to employees working with materials that are consumer commodities? Yes. Consumer commodities are listed as ORM-D in the hazardous materials table §172.101. Does a Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) with HM/tank vehicle endorsement satisfy requirements? Yes, a Commercial Driver's License (CDL) with a hazardous materials (HM) and/or tank vehicle endorsement may satisfy some of the training requirements for employees who handle and transport hazardous materials. However, a hazmat employer must evaluate the employee's specific job functions and determine whether the CDL endorsement alone satisfies all of the training requirements under the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR). According to the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) of the Department of Transportation (DOT), a hazmat employer must provide additional hazardous materials training for functions not covered by the CDL endorsement. This may include specific information on the hazardous materials being transported, proper handling and loading/unloading procedures, emergency response procedures, and other safety and security measures. The training must be based on the specific job functions of the employee and be designed to ensure that the employee is knowledgeable and competent to perform their job safely and in compliance with the HMR. Who to reach if I have additional questions? The Hazardous Materials Info Center 1-800-HMR-4922 (1-800-467-4922) Email: infocntr@dot.gov http://hazmat.dot.gov Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration East Building, 2nd Floor 1200 New Jersey Ave., SE Washington, DC 20590 Email: training@dot.gov 202-366-4900

What are the 5 Requirements that HAZWOPER Facilities Must Have?HAZWOPER (Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response) facilities are facilities that handle hazardous materials and are subject to regulations under the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States. Here are the 5 requirements that HAZWOPER facilities must have: Written safety and health program: HAZWOPER facilities must have a written safety and health program that outlines the procedures and policies for managing hazardous materials, responding to emergencies, and protecting workers.Employee training: All employees who work with hazardous materials must receive training that covers the hazards associated with their job, how to use protective equipment, and how to respond to emergencies.Medical surveillance: HAZWOPER facilities must provide medical surveillance to employees who are exposed to hazardous materials in order to monitor their health and detect any early signs of illness or injury.Personal protective equipment: HAZWOPER facilities must provide and ensure the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect employees from hazards associated with their work.Site-specific safety plan: HAZWOPER facilities must develop a site-specific safety plan that identifies the hazards associated with the specific worksite and outlines the procedures and policies for managing those hazards.

A Competent PersonIs someone who has the knowledge, training, and experience to identify and mitigate hazards in the workplace. The definition of a competent person varies by industry and type of work, but generally, a competent person is someone who has the authority to make decisions about safety and take corrective action when necessary.In some cases, regulatory bodies such as OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) require the appointment of a competent person for specific tasks or operations, such as excavation work or confined space entry. The competent person must have the necessary training and experience to perform the task safely and ensure that employees are protected from workplace hazards. The competent person may also be responsible for training employees, inspecting equipment, and monitoring the work environment to ensure that safety standards are met.The term "Competent Person" appears in several OSHA standards and documents. According to OSHA's definition [29 CFR 1926.32(f)], a "competent person" is someone who can recognize existing and predictable hazards in the work environment, which are unsafe, unhygienic, or dangerous for employees, and who has the authority to take corrective action to eliminate them. A competent person is typically knowledgeable about the relevant standards, can identify workplace hazards related to the operation, and has the authority to take appropriate corrective measures.Click here to view our competent person training series.

How Many Sections are in the HAZWOPER Regulation?The Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) regulation is divided into several sections. The specific number of sections can vary depending on how the regulation is being referenced or interpreted.However, the most common way of breaking down the regulation is into five sections, which are often referred to as "subparts." These subparts are:    Subpart A - General Provisions    Subpart B - Emergency Response Plan    Subpart C - Training    Subpart D - On-Site Treatment and Storage of Hazardous Waste    Subpart E - Off-Site Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous WasteSome interpretations may also include additional sections or subparts, such as the section on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), which is covered in Subpart E, or the section on Medical Surveillance, which is covered in Subpart H.

How to Meet U.S. DOT Training Regulations for Shipping and Safety Precautions Humans Need to Follow When Handling Lithium? Handling lithium batteries and cells can be a complicated and potentially hazardous process. In the United States, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) has established strict regulations that govern the shipment of these materials to ensure safety and compliance. This article will explore the key U.S. DOT training regulations for shipping fully regulated and excepted lithium batteries and cells. Firstly, it's important to understand that there are two types of lithium batteries and cells: fully regulated and excepted. Fully regulated batteries and cells are those that meet certain criteria, such as containing more than a certain amount of lithium. On the other hand, excepted batteries and cells are those that don't meet these criteria and are therefore considered less dangerous to ship. To comply with U.S. DOT regulations, anyone involved in shipping fully regulated lithium batteries and cells must receive proper training. The training must cover the safe handling and packaging of these materials, as well as the specific regulations that apply to their shipment. The training must covers the security awareness training requirements of the DOT Hazardous Material Regulations (HMR; 49 CFR Parts 171-180). Also, OSHA requires that employees whose job function directly affects the safe transportation of hazardous materials must receive training within 90 days after employment or a change in job function. The U.S. DOT requires that all packages containing these materials be properly labeled with a lithium battery mark and other required information, such as the UN number and proper shipping name. In addition, shippers must provide proper documentation, shipping manifest, including a shipping paper or air waybill. We invite you to explore our online library of Lithium courses that comprehensively cover the OSHA and DOT requirements. In summary, the U.S. DOT has established strict training regulations for the shipment of fully regulated and excepted lithium batteries and cells to ensure safety and compliance. Anyone involved in shipping these materials must receive proper training on the safe handling and packaging of these materials, as well as the specific regulations that apply to their shipment. By following these regulations, shippers can help ensure the safe and compliant transportation of these potentially hazardous materials. Some of the key safety precautions that humans need to follow when handling lithium include: 1.   Proper protective gear: Wear personal protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, and lab coats to avoid skin or eye contact with lithium. 2.    Proper storage: Store lithium in a cool, dry place away from sources of heat and moisture to avoid any reactions or hazards. 3.    Proper handling: Lithium should be handled with care, using tools made of non-reactive materials. Avoid contact with skin or any other body part. 4.    Ventilation: Work in well-ventilated areas to avoid inhalation of dust or fumes, which can cause respiratory irritation. 5.    Fire safety: Lithium can ignite when exposed to air, so it is important to avoid open flames, sparks, or smoking when handling lithium. Also, keep fire extinguishers nearby. 6.    Emergency response: Be aware of emergency response procedures in case of accidents, and know how to properly extinguish any fires that may occur. 7.    Disposal: Always dispose of lithium according to local and federal regulations. Do not dispose of lithium in the trash or other general waste streams. What is the number of Lewis dots present in lithium? Being a member of Group 1 in the periodic table, lithium possesses just one valence electron which resides in the 2s orbital. This solitary electron is denoted as a dot around the symbol of lithium.

Lithium Batteries Shipping Calls for Added Precautions! In today’s modern world, we all have an everyday association with lithium batteries. Lithium batteries power a range of rechargeable devices such as cellphones, laptops, watches, and even vehicles.  What is a lithium battery? It is a rechargeable battery that uses lithium ions for storing energy and has a higher energy density and lower self-discharge rate compared to other types of batteries. This makes lithium batteries a popular choice to power modern electronics.  While lithium battery usage is popular and becoming more so day by day, there are various safety concerns linked to them as they contain flammable electrolytes inside. Yes, the lithium batteries found in our portable electronic devices can be life-threatening, if mishandled and misused. And its usage popularity increases the safety and health risks for workers handling lithium battery shipments.  To reduce such risks and minimize worker hazard exposure, those who ship lithium batteries must be aware of, and put into practice, the U.S. Department of Transportation’s regulatory requirements as detailed in the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR). This will require workers to be trained on safe practices to ensure the safer transportation of lithium batteries by air, highway, rail, and water.  In this article, we will discuss how to safely ship lithium batteries to eliminate or minimize prevailing hazards. Did You Know? The devices containing lithium batteries are classified as dangerous goods and require specific packaging, labeling, marking, and shipping regulations. Important Considerations When Shipping Lithium Batteries Various regulatory bodies have created rules and regulations to be followed before lithium batteries are shipped. Non-compliance with these rules and regulations could lead to fines and penalties for the organization but may have more serious impacts on employee safety and contamination of the natural environment. Therefore, during transportation, ensure lithium batteries are correctly declared, stored, labeled, and packaged. Personnel involved in the shipping process must have adequate knowledge and training for the proper handling of lithium batteries.  Let’s better understand these rules and regulations for the safe handling of lithium battery shipments. Rule# 1: Choose the Right Shipping Company Be mindful that the shipping company you choose to transport lithium batteries has in place the necessary knowledge and any certifications, as relevant. Lithium batteries may catch fire, burst, or leak while being shipped, hence they are subject to specific regulations. Lithium batteries that are damaged or old and being discarded or recycled also have a set of regulations to be complied with. For instance, the DOT HMR covers all modes of transportation for lithium battery shipments. Maritime shipment of lithium batteries is further regulated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, while the International Air Transport Association’s (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) regulates lithium batteries shipped by air.  These regulations ensure that lithium batteries are safely shipped by guiding shippers and carriers on implementing appropriate packaging, labeling, marking, loading, unloading, and handling processes.  Before lithium batteries are shipped, it is important to identify a reputable carrier following and complying with the regulations as set out by the DOT HMR, IATA DGR, and the LMDG Code.  Remember! Check that employees of these carriers are also properly trained to correctly handle lithium battery shipments as per regulations. Rule# 2: Label and Mark the Shipment Appropriately Often, shipping companies provide the shipper with a Shipping Guide mentioning the specific requirements for labeling lithium batteries shipments as per regulations under the relevant mode of transport used for shipment, i.e., highway, rail, air, or water.  Mitigating the health and safety risks associated with the transportation of lithium batteries requires the right labeling and marking of lithium battery shipments. Two factors must be adhered to while labeling lithium batteries for transportation: 1. Proper Classification: We already know that lithium batteries are hazardous materials therefore, it is mandatory to specifically label them as hazardous while shipping them. Lithium batteries are further classified depending on battery type and watt-hour rating. The details are given in the relevant regulations such as the DOT Hazardous Materials Regulations. For more information on identifying and classifying lithium batteries, read our blog - The Dos and Don’ts of Shipping Lithium Batteries 2. Relevant Marking: Lithium batteries are categorized as lithium ion batteries and lithium metal batteries. The United Nations Committee of Experts has classified lithium batteries into six types, assigning specific UN Numbers and proper shipping names to each type. Every lithium battery transported must be marked as per its respective shipping name and the UN number. S.No UN Number Shipping Name 1 UN 3480 Lithium-ion batteries (rechargeable) 2 UN 3481 Lithium-ion batteries contained in equipment 3 UN 3481 Lithium-ion batteries packed with equipment 4 UN 3090 Lithium metal batteries (non-rechargeable lithium batteries) 5 UN 3091 Lithium metal batteries contained in equipment 6 UN 3091 Lithium metal batteries packed with equipment Rule# 3: Run Relevant Tests Accurately Prior to lithium batteries shipping, the producers and distributors of lithium batteries must provide the shipping company with a Test Summary Report (TSR) as per the requirement of the United Nations (UN) Manual of Tests and Criteria, Section 38.3, Effective January 21, 2022. Without the availability of the TSR, shipping lithium batteries are prohibited.  The UN 38.3 has set out 6 tests for assessing the safety of lithium batteries during transportation. These include: Altitude simulations Thermal test Vibration test Shock test External short-circuit test Overcharge test The UN 38.3 tests are designed to evaluate the condition and stability of lithium batteries to reduce the risks during their shipment. All test results must be documented and made available to the shipping company and other relevant parties. Lithium batteries must pass the UN 38.3 tests in order to be shipped by any mode of transport. Rule# 4: Packaging of the Shipment The United Nations recommendations for the road, rail, air, sea, or multi-modal transportation of dangerous goods are in line with the regulations as set out by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), IATA, IMO, and the U.S DOT.  According to these regulations, each lithium battery should be packed separately to prevent short circuits and damage. Foam, bubble wrap, or other types of recommended protective packaging must be used to protect the batteries from damage. The packaging should be strong enough to prevent crushing and withstand normal handling. Note: Testing is done before shipment to ensure that the batteries will remain protected if dropped, stacked, or accidentally exposed to moisture and other variables. What if the Regulations are not Complied With? To ensure the health and safety of employees, property, and the environment, authorities have developed regulations for the safe shipment of lithium batteries. These regulations must be followed by all shipping companies, airline and vessel operators, as well as railway companies and trucks and other vehicles transporting lithium batteries in commerce.  Non-compliance with regulatory guidelines will result in the shipment being rejected by the shipper/carrier. Mis-declaration of goods or violating regulatory guidelines would result in penalties, discredit amongst peers, or lawsuits, while increasing employee health risks and negatively impacting the reputation of the business. In addition, non-compliance with safety regulations can be fatal causing explosions, air crashes, and other accidents leading to far-reaching negative impacts and gravely undermining the lithium battery safety procedures and regulations. Training to Support Employer Compliance It is mandatory for employers and employees involved in any aspect of shipping lithium batteries to obtain appropriate safety training to be aware of the safe handling of lithium batteries and comply with the regulatory requirements while increasing safety and health at the workplace and during transportation.  Our DOT, IATA, and IMDG Shipping Lithium Batteries training courses cover the training requirements as set forth by the DOT HMR, IATA DGR, and IMDG Code. We offer comprehensive 10-hour training for shipping lithium batteries covering both regulated and except lithium batteries, as well as training that covers each of these types of lithium battery shipments separately.  Our 1-hour Lithium Batteries Awareness Training course is ideal for the general public to increase their awareness of the hazards associated with using and handling lithium batteries. References Code of Federal Regulation (CFR). (n.d.). Transportation. Website. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-I/subchapter-CInternational Air Transport Association (IATA). (n.d.). Dangerous Goods Regulations. Website. https://www.iata.org/en/publications/dgr/International Air Transport Association (IATA). (n.d.). Lithium Batteries. Website. https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/lithium-batteries/International Air Transport Association (IATA). (2020). Transport of Lithium Metal and Lithium Ion Batteries. Website. https://www.iata.org/contentassets/05e6d8742b0047259bf3a700bc9d42b9/lithium-battery-guidance-document-2020.pdfInternational Maritime Organization (IMO), (n.d.). The International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code. Website. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/DangerousGoods-default.aspxU.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. (Revised September 2021). Lithium Battery Guide for Shippers [PDF]. Website. https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/sites/phmsa.dot.gov/files/2021-09/Lithium-Battery-Guide.pdf

The Fundamentals of Workplace Injuries - An Essential Read! Workplace safety is of paramount importance as it plays a vital role in the well-being of employees, reduces occurrences of accidents and worker injuries, and supports organizational success. Injuries and illnesses cause physical pain, emotional stress, and financial problems for affected employees and their families. From an employer perspective, occurrences of accidents and injuries at the workplace can lead to increased absenteeism, higher healthcare and insurance costs, and worker compensation claims. Workplace injuries and accidents also have a negative impact on organizational reputation and productivity, and resultantly on the bottom line of a company. Additionally, employers will also be vulnerable to penalties by regulators such as the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), and possible litigation. When an employer invests wisely toward a safe and secure workplace, such efforts help raise employee morale and the standing of the employer, while positively impacting productivity, job satisfaction, and the corporate brand. In the long run, organizations also gain financial benefits from sound safety programs at the workplace. Aside from these reasons, employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to ensure employees work in a safe environment, where every effort to reduce or eliminate risks of injury and accidents has been made. Carelessness Can Cost a Life! Workplace injuries are very common in the United States. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), in 2021, 2.6 million non-fatal workplace injuries were recorded countrywide. Many workplace injuries, due to their severity, often result in death. Sadly, as reported by the BLS, workplace injuries resulted in 5,190 fatalities in the United States in 2021 which was 8.9% higher than reported in 2020. Such statistics bear testament to gaps in implementing and following safety protocols and practices, both by the employer and employee. Every Life Matters! If employers and organizations need more reasons to develop and execute a comprehensive workplace safety plan to minimize worker injuries – then know that employees have a right to report workplace hazards to OSHA. Such complaints can lead to OSHA inspections and investigations disrupting operations and having a negative impact on employees and other stakeholders. Did You Know? OSHA has enacted a whistleblower protection program to safeguard employees from retaliation if they report any safety hazards at the workplace or violations of OSHA standards or other regulations by their employers. We can therefore surmise that providing a safe work environment for employees is a fundamental responsibility of employers irrespective of the size of the organization and length of employment. Understand Workplace Hazards to Minimize Worker Injuries Workplace injuries can occur anywhere at any time, in small and large organizations, in office or factory settings, and across industries, inside buildings, or outdoors. In some situations, such as hazardous waste operations, working at excavation sites, doing various construction-related tasks, mining operations, and during the transportation of hazmat, the risks of accidents and injury to workers are much higher as are the procedures that must be followed for their safety. Injuries can also materialize when all precautions have been taken, however, emphasizing safe work practices, and communicating them to employees is vital for success. To do this, employers and employees must understand the major causes of injuries at their workplace and the methods of reducing or eliminating the hazards that cause them. Being aware today of how injuries occur, will result in creating a safer workplace for tomorrow. The 6 Main Causes of Workplace Injuries and How to Overcome Them Let’s discuss some common causes of workplace injuries and the basics of how to reduce injury occurrences. Excessive Exertion LIFTING HEAVY OBJECTS AWKWARD POSTURES These injuries occur when a person applies too much force while handling or carrying objects. These injuries may be caused by lifting or carrying heavy loads, repetitive motions, discomfiting postures, and inadequate rest breaks. Such injuries are common in manufacturing, construction, and healthcare industries, where employees must lift, carry, or move heavy objects or equipment. Examples of excessive exertion injuries are sprains and strains of the neck, back, or other parts of the body. Over-exertion may result in hernias and other more serious internal injuries. Employers must teach employees safe lifting and carrying techniques, make available equipment to assist with heavy lifting, and encourage good ergonomics while fulfilling work tasks. Hit by an Object IMMOVABLE MACHINERY MOVABLE TOOLS / EQUIPMENT A worker can be hit by an object, equipment, or tool in a variety of occupations, including carrying out work tasks in the construction, manufacturing, or transportation sectors. This hazard can cause head injuries, fractures, and even amputations. Such injuries occur when workers are struck by moving vehicles or tools; or when they collide with immovable heavy equipment, as well as working in areas where objects may fall from a higher level (for example, scaffolding). Struck-by-object injuries can be prevented by the installation of toe boards, and ensuring employees wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as hard hats. Falls, Slips, and Trips It is not necessary that a person only gets injured when falling from an elevated surface, such as a ladder or scaffold. Workplace injuries also occur by slipping or falling on the same level due to a wet floor, uneven walking path, or an area with insufficient lighting. Enroll in our Scaffolding Safety Training Course Employees working at heights or using ladders are more susceptible to fall injuries. However, the severity of the injury depends on two variables: (1) the height of the fall, and (2) the surface on which the person lands. Falling from a height of more than 10 feet (3.1 meters) is considered high risk, and OSHA requires specific safeguards such as a personal fall arrest system or the installation of guardrails (or both) to safeguard employees from falling to a lower level. Over time, the construction, manufacturing, and healthcare industries have often reported injuries from falls, trips, and slips, resulting in sprains, strains, broken bones, spinal injuries, cuts, head injuries, and even deaths. FALL FROM HEIGHT FALL ON SAME LEVEL TRIPS WITHOUT A FALL Injuries from falls and slips can be averted by implementing several precautionary measures, including: Maintaining a clean and well-lit workplace, Supplying slip-resistant footwear to workers if work is carried out on wet or slippery floors, Having designated walking paths, and ensuring these are free of debris and other hazards such as black ice during the winter season, Putting in place safety systems such as guardrails and safety nets, Providing personal fall arrest systems for each employee, and Ensuring ladders and other equipment used to climb to heights are well-maintained and not damaged. Enroll in our Competent Person for Fall Protection Training Course Non-Roadside Incidents Accidents may occur outside of the traditional roadway system, such as at a construction site, an industrial facility, or private property. These incidents are not only caused by vehicles, but also other heavy equipment, driver or operator error, malfunctioning of machinery, hazardous conditions, unsuitable weather conditions, and non-compliance with safety regulations or law enforcement. The injuries these accidents bring about include physical harm, financial loss, and emotional trauma for the victim and his family. These incidents can be avoided by offering proper training to employees, undertaking regular inspections, maintenance of machinery, and devising and implementing sound emergency plans. Roadside Accidents Roadway accidents occur on public roads, such as highways, streets, and intersections; and can involve cars, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles, and pedestrians. Distracted, impaired, or reckless driving, unsatisfactory road conditions, traffic congestion, and mechanical failure are common causes of such incidents. Workers involved in transportation jobs are most often exposed to such hazards. However, any person, working in any job in any industry is at risk because roads are used to travel to the workplace and back. The effects of these injuries can be as severe as fatalities, property damage, and emotional trauma for the individuals directly involved and those indirectly impacted. To minimize road accidents, people should comply with traffic rules, avoid distractions while driving, maintain their vehicles, follow traffic signals, and be aware of the surroundings, pedestrians, and other drivers. Caught in, or Compressed by an Object or Equipment These injuries come about when a person's body is caught, pinched, or compressed by equipment, tools, or other objects. Industries such as construction, manufacturing, and agriculture report these injuries being usually caused by equipment malfunctioning, improper use of equipment, or lack of appropriate safety measures. Here are examples of caught in or compressed by equipment or objects injuries that often occur in workplaces. Crush Injuries When a body part is caught between two heavy objects, such as a person's hand being caught in a machine. Amputations When a body part is chopped off by machinery or equipment. Fractures When a bone is broken because of the force of equipment or objects within which a link is stuck. Lacerations When a person's skin is cut by equipment, tools, or objects. To prevent such injuries, employers must educate workers to use equipment properly, impose safety procedures such as the installation of machine guards, regularly inspect and maintain equipment, and mandate the use of PPE where required. Workers should be able to identify workplace hazards and must be aware of how to minimize them, and when required, respond to emergencies. A Mandatory Measure for Reducing Workplace Injuries: Safety Training One tried and tested method to reduce workplace injuries and accidents is to provide workers with mandated online training and on-the-job training. OSHA specifies training for employees to understand hazards when exposed to various job roles and tasks. The range of 2-hour safety training courses to 40-hour courses together with specific work-site training and on-the-job training, as relevant. We develop safety training courses for a range of industries and occupations. Our team of OSHA-authorized instructors has developed training courses that are OSHA-compliant and meet the training needs of the construction industry, general industry, and OSHA’s HAZWOPER standards. We offer training courses aligned to EPA’s Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) for hazardous waste generators. We have also created safety training courses in line with the training needs specified by the Department of Transportation’s Hazardous Materials Regulations (DOT HMR) for the transportation of hazmat and lithium batteries via highway, rail, air, and water. Our safety training courses can be taken online, or we can arrange for client-site in-person training or virtual instructor-led training, whichever is more suitable for your organization. Our aim is to support employers to fulfill organizational training needs to forestall workplace injuries and accidents and create a safe work environment! References: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2022 November). Total of 5,190 fatal work injuries in 2021, up 8.9% from 2020. Website. https://www.bls.gov/iif/news.htm U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2022 December). Employers report 2.6 million injury and illness cases in 2021, down 1.8% from 2020. Website. https://www.bls.gov/iif/news.htm

Fire Safety Training: General Requirements and Additional Training for Employees in Specific Occupations Fire is a dangerous phenomenon that can cause significant property damage and seriously injure people or result in fatalities. Fire spreads swiftly, generating high temperatures, toxic smoke, and dangerous by-products such as carbon monoxide. The heat and smoke caused by fire can result in breathing difficulties and the ability to see clearly, making it hard to escape a burning building or worksite. Hence, it is important to take necessary precautions to avoid fires and be aware of what to do in case of a fire emergency. Fire safety means measures taken to avert fires and shield people and structures in case of a fire. This includes the installation of smoke detectors, fire extinguishers, and fire alarms. Moreover, emergency evacuation plans and procedures for buildings are also necessary. Most importantly employers must provide appropriate training as mandated by the regulator to their employees; enabling them to better respond in the event of a fire emergency. For a better understanding of fire safety training, read our article, 'Is Fire Safety Training for Employees Required?' Fire Safety Training Requirements Let's learn general fire safety training requirements and the additional requirements particular to specific occupations under the Code of Federal Regulations. General Training Requirements: Employers must train employees according to job assignments for all potential hazards and prepare them to respond to emergency alarms and evacuation in case of fire. Workers fighting the fire must be trained on the usage of fire extinguishers or hose lines, the hazards of firefighting, and its prevention. Workers must be trained on the dangers related to fixed and portable fire protection systems, during the activation and operation or discharge of those systems. Additional Training Requirements for Shipyard Employees: Shipyard employees must have a written training policy defining the fire response along with written standard operating procedures addressing emergency operations.  Workers must be trained by qualified instructors.  The training programs need to be reviewed and updated as and when required.  Firefighters are required to be trained at least quarterly. Training must comprise live fire response exercises following NFPA 1403-2002 Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions. Semi-annual drills as per the employer's SOP for fire response may be conducted covering site-specific operations, occupancies, buildings, vessels and vessel sections, and fire-related hazards. Smoke-generating devices should not be allowed in training exercises because of their dangers. Additional Training Requirements for Fire Watch Duty Personnel:  Annual training must be provided to employees involved in fire watch duty.  Additional training may be provided if a change in operations may cause a new or different hazard or if the employee's prior skills and knowledge are found inadequate. Employees standing fire watch duty must be trained on the basics of fire behavior, the various classes of fire, their stages, and methods for extinguishing fires. Live fire extinguishing sessions are to be conducted. Knowledge of the negative health effects caused by exposure to fire, the physical attributes of the hot work area, the personal protective equipment (PPE) required, and their usage must also be provided. It is very important to learn how to communicate and alert others in case of fire emergencies. Source: (CFR, n.d.) Are You Searching for Fire Safety Training? If your job task carries a fire safety risk and you are looking for an OSHA-compliant fire safety training provider, register for free and enroll for our online Fire Safety Course. The course is designed to fulfill your fire safety training requirements.  Our learning management system gives you the freedom to learn at your own pace from any place on a mobile device of your choice as long as you have internet access. As proof of training completion, you will receive a course completion certificate in PDF format once you pass your final exam! If you are a safety training manager in search of group training options, contact us for more details. We also offer attractive discounts for large groups.  Reference: Code of Federal Regulations. (n.d.). § 1915.508 Training. Website. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-29/subtitle-B/chapter-XVII/part-1915/subpart-P/section-1915.508

Is Fire Safety Training for Employees Required? Fire is indeed very beneficial and essential to life, but it can also be fatal and disastrous if not controlled properly. There is a misconception that fire occurs only in factories but in reality, fire can occur anytime anywhere. Adequate safety measures and appropriate training can help in minimizing fire hazards and increase fire safety, especially at worksites. Before we proceed further with our article let’s learn how a fire occurs. What Triggers Fire? Fire is a chemical reaction that needs three elements to withstand: fuel, oxygen, and a source of ignition. When a fuel source such as gasoline reacts with oxygen it produces heat, flames, and light, and this is how a fire occurs. If these three elements remain in place, fire can spread quickly and become uncontrollable, destroying not only property and the environment but also causing injury to people.  These are some common causes of fire. Open flames such as stoves or fireplaces Heating, lighting, and electrical equipment malfunctioning Smoking Burning Workplace fires are very common and difficult to extinguish. Fires at the workplace can occur because of the following reasons: Electrical equipment malfunctions or failures. Smoking in prohibited areas that may have greater exposure to flammable materials or substances. Inappropriate storage of flammable substances and materials. Welding or cutting operations. Friction or heat from machinery. In addition to the above reasons, hazardous sites, such as chemical plants or oil refineries, have a greater risk of fire due to the existence of flammable or combustible materials. Chemical reactions and spills producing flammable gases or vapors are also the reasons that cause fire to occur at hazardous sites. It is important to follow all safety procedures and guiding principles to minimize fire incidents. Employers must have an emergency response plan to deal with such situations. Warning! Fire is Everywhere It is not only factories that experience fire incidents. A room full of computers or a hazardous waste site with flammable chemicals can also be a source of ignition. The following workplaces and industries are prone to fire hazards and therefore must practice fire safety to protect employees and property. Manufacturing: Due to high exposure to flammable materials, use of electrical equipment, and high temperatures, industrial and manufacturing environments are exposed to various fire hazards. Construction: Construction workers often work with flammable materials and chemicals, and electrical and welding equipment. They are often also exposed to live wires.  As such, construction site employees are at risk leading to fire hazards. Healthcare: Flammable chemicals, medical gases, and electrical equipment present in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities are a cause of fire hazards. Hazardous Waste Site: Toxic pollutants and hazardous wastes present at hazardous waste sites can be readily combustible. Therefore, workers handling hazardous waste are at risk from fire hazards.   Agriculture: Agricultural jobs involve the usage of flammable chemicals, fuel sources, and electrical equipment that may cause fires due to mishandling or unexpected spills and mixing. Foodservice: Employees in restaurants and other food facilities are exposed to fire hazards due to proximity to flammable cooking oils, electrical and heating equipment, and the fire itself. Fire is not limited to the industries or jobs mentioned above. Fires can also occur at educational institutions, warehouses, or offices. Workplace fires are very common and have grave consequences such as damage to property and equipment, disruption of business operations, and employee injuries or even deaths. According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), in 2021, U.S. fire departments responded to a fire every 23 seconds. Local fire departments responded to 1,353,500 fire incidents causing 3,800 civilian deaths, 14,700 civilian injuries, and a loss of $15.9 billion in property damage (NFPA, 2022). To identify more real-life fire incidents read our article “Workers Battle 13 Fires in 2 Years as Employers Disregard Fire Safety Measures In lieu of Profits” Preventive Measures for Fire Safety It is now clear that implementing fire safety measures could make the difference between life and death. Workplace fires are more dangerous and difficult to put off than fires at home. Hence, employers are responsible for creating awareness amongst workers of the preventive measures to minimize fire hazards at workplaces.  Safety measures that would support the reduction of fire hazards and increase workplace safety protocols are discussed below. Emergency exits – must be properly marked and clear at all times, enabling workers to evacuate immediately in case of a fire. Fire detection equipment and fire suppression systems - must be installed as per regulations and requirements of various types of fires, and properly maintained. Flammable and combustible materials and substances - must be stored in approved closed containers as per Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) regulations.  A fire safety officer must be appointed under the regulatory requirements. Organizations should plan and regularly execute fire drills to prepare employees on how to respond in case of fire. Electrical outlets and circuits must not be overloaded and must be regularly inspected and checked for safety.  Regular inspections of electrical and heating systems must be conducted. Malfunctioned or damaged electrical outlets and equipment must not be used. Combustible substances (e.g., chemicals) or materials (e.g., paper, hazardous waste, etc.) must be kept at a reasonable distance from electrical equipment or other fire ignition sources. Last but the most important is to annually train employees on fire safety and prevention measures in accordance with regulatory requirements and business needs. To learn more about fire prevention, you can read our article “Fire Prevention and Protection” Yes, Fire Safety Training is Mandatory! Training is always a good way to educate and protect employees from associated workplace hazards. Therefore, federal regulators have also mandated employers to ensure that their employees are adequately trained, and a safe and healthy work environment is provided to employees. Let’s learn what OSHA has stated about fire safety training  In the United States, OSHA obligates employers to provide fire safety training to employees exposed to fire hazards on the job. “Employers should train workers about fire hazards in the workplace and about what to do in a fire emergency” (OSHA, 2020). Training includes identifying probable fire hazards, the use of fire extinguishers, evacuating the workplace in case of a fire, and ways to report fires. Employers must ensure that if employees are expected to use firefighting equipment, they are given adequate training and know how to use such equipment safely. Additionally, firefighting equipment such as fire extinguishers must be appropriate for the type of fire hazards that exist at the workplace.  An employer must have an appropriate emergency plan which includes procedures for evacuating employees in case of fire with special consideration given to disabled employees and those who stay behind to shut down critical plant equipment. There must be a proper way of alerting employees in the event of fire such as an alarm system throughout the workplace including voice communication and the sound of bells, whistles, or horns.  Additional fire safety training depends upon the particular hazards present in the workplace. Fire safety training is not only limited to classroom training, but online courses can also be taken. Mock-up fire drills are also a good training method. Record Keeping The employer must keep a record that all employees are properly trained. The employee's name, the trainer's name, the training type, and the training date must be logged. Each training record is kept for one year from the time it was given or until it is replaced with a new training record, whichever is shorter. The record must be made available for inspection and copying by OSHA upon request. Final Thoughts Workers have a right to ensure their work does not pose a risk to their safety and health. They must be aware of workplace hazards, ways to prevent them, and OSHA standards that apply to their workplace. Workers can review records of work-related injuries and if they believe that a serious hazard exists at the workplace, they can ask OSHA for an inspection. Workers can also report a workplace injury to OSHA that happens because of the employer’s negligence. If an employer retaliates against a worker for exercising his/her rights, he/she can file a complaint with OSHA within 30 days of the incident. As training is a regulatory requirement, if an employer is found violating an OSHA standard or regulation, they may be subject to penalties depending upon the nature of the violation and the severity of the hazard it presents. Non-compliance penalties for violating OSHA regulations are addressed in the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act). The penalties are not limited to fines, but also abatement orders and citations. So, employers need to ensure that they are compliant with all fire safety regulations and training requirements.  Looking for an OSHA-compliant Fire Safety Training Provider?  Register for free and enroll in our Fire Safety Course. The online training course will enable you to learn at your own pace from home, at work, or wherever you want. All you need is internet access on a PC, laptop, or mobile device of your choice. Once you complete the course, you will receive a PDF of the certificate of course completion. We also offer discounted rates for large groups. Dial 866.429.6742 to speak to our customer services personnel or write to info@HAZWOPER-OSHA.com for more details. References Code of Federal Regulations. (n.d.). § 1915.508 Training. Website. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-29/subtitle-B/chapter-XVII/part-1915/subpart-P/section-1915.508 National Fire Protection Association. (2022 September). Fire Loss in the United States During 2021. Website. https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Data-research-and-tools/US-Fire-Problem/Fire-loss-in-the-United-States Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2020 August). Fire Safety. Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA3527.pdf