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The OSHA 10 Hour Outreach Training ProgramsThe Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates a range of industry-related and job-specific training that employers must provide employees. OSHA’s requirements range from online training, classroom training, to on-the-job training requirements that employees must fulfill, and employers must provide. Often, such training programs are required to be completed annually and certification obtained.However, OSHA has also put in place Outreach Training Programs. These are voluntary training programs to encourage occupational health and safety procedures and promote increased worker safety and health awareness in the workplace. These outreach training programs do not, however, fulfill any training requirements as required by OSHA standards.OSHA’s outreach training programs are developed for the construction industry, general industry, maritime industry, and disaster site workers. These outreach training programs are 10-hour, or 30-hour training programs offered by OSHA authorized outreach training partners. However, the training course for disaster site workers is 15 hours.Purpose of the OSHA 10 Hour Outreach Training ProgramThe primary purpose of the OSHA 10 hour outreach training program is to promote workplace safety and health by making workers more knowledgeable about the common job-related hazards and the best practices to prevent or minimize them. These OSHA 10 hour outreach training courses also highlight the importance of workplace safety training. Hence, the focus of the program is to help workers to recognize, avoid, reduce, and prevent health and safety hazards in the workplace—be it at a construction site, a shipyard, a manufacturing facility, a laboratory, a warehouse/storage facility, or a mechanic or electronic equipment workshop. This OSHA 10 hour outreach training can be useful for workers in diverse industries and various professions as well. Furthermore, the OSHA 10 hour outreach training program also provides information about employer responsibilities, workers' rights, and how to file a complaint.Key Features of the OSHA 10 Hour Training ProgramThe following are some of the key features of the OSHA 10 hour outreach training program.Participatory training with activities and case studies.Training topics (electives and optional) can be customized to meet the needs of different groups of workers.Covers a wide range of topics that workers must be aware of to recognize, avoid, reduce, and prevent safety and health hazards.The OSHA 10 hour outreach training is available in many different languages.The OSHA 10 hour outreach training brings to the forefront the value of safety and health of workers, especially first-time and young workers.Drives the importance of a safety culture in the workplace.Topics Covered under the OSHA 10 Hour Training ProgramsOSHA gives detailed guidelines for developing the OSHA 10 Hour training programs, going so far as to giving guidelines as well as learning objectives in some instances. Trainers are required to follow these set standards and offer personnel training programs that cover all aspects as per OSHA requirements. Below is an overview of the pertinent information regarding the OSHA 10 hour construction industry and the OSHA 10 hour general industry outreach training program topics.OSHA 10 Hour Construction Industry Outreach Training ProgramAccording to OSHA’s outreach training requirements, the OSHA 10 hour construction industry outreach training program must cover 6 hours of mandatory training, 2 hours of elective training, and two hours of optional training. The topics to be covered under the three different categories are details below.Topics Under the Mandatory 6 Hours of TrainingIntroduction to OSHA – 1 hourOSHA Focus Four Hazards – 4 hours divided as follows:Falls – 1.5 hours (minimum);Electrocution – 30 minutes (minimum);Struck-By (e.g., falling objects, trucks, cranes) – 30 minutes (minimum); andCaught-In or Between (e.g., trench hazards, equipment) – 30 minutes (minimum).Personal Protective and Lifesaving Equipment – 30 minutesHealth Hazards in Construction – 30 minutesTopics of Choice for the 2-hour Elective TrainingAny two topics from the below must be covered by the training.Cranes, derricks, hoists, elevators, and conveyorsExcavationsMaterials handling, storage, use, and disposalScaffoldsStairways and laddersTools - hand and powerTopics Under the 2-hour Optional TrainingOSHA allows for the training course to either expand on the elective topics mentioned above or educate workers on the other hazards or policies in the construction industry. OSHA allows for a minimum of 30 minutes to be allocated per topic.For complete details read the OSHA Construction Industry Outreach Training Program processes and procedures.OSHA 10 Hour General Industry Outreach Training ProgramOSHA has also specified the training requirements for the OSHA 10-hour general industry outreach training program. Like the OSHA 10 hour construction industry training, the course must cover 6 hours of mandatory training, 2 hours of elective training, and two hours of optional training. Here are the topics that trainers must provide students.Topics Under the Mandatory 6 Hours of TrainingIntroduction to OSHA – 1 hourWalking and Working Surfaces, including fall protection – 1 hourExit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, Fire Prevention Plans, and Fire Protection – 1 hourElectrical – 1 hourPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE) – 1 hourHazard Communication – 1 hourTopics of Choice for the 2-hour Elective TrainingAny two topics from the below must be covered in the training.Hazardous MaterialsMaterials HandlingMachine GuardingIntroduction to Industrial HygieneBloodborne PathogensErgonomicsSafety and Health ProgramFall ProtectionTopics Under the 2-hour Optional TrainingAgain, like the OSHA 10 hour construction outreach training course, OSHA allows for the OSHA 10 hour general industry training course to either expand on the elective topics mentioned above or educate workers on the other hazards or policies in the construction industry. A minimum of 30 minutes may be allocated per topic.For complete details read the OSHA General Industry Outreach Training Program processes and procedures.Who can offer these 10 Hour Outreach Training Programs?It must be noted that only OSHA-authorized trainers are allowed to deliver the 10-hour training programs. These OSHA-authorized trainers are not certified by OSHA nor are they employed by OSHA. Trainers must obtain the OSHA Trainer Card. This trainer card should include the name of the authorizing OTI Education Center and the card’s expiration date. Workers planning on enrolling in the OSHA 10 Hour outreach training course can find and verify the status of an authorized outreach trainer here.To be eligible to deliver the OSHA 10 Hour Outreach training programs, OSHA requires trainers to meet experience and training criteria as detailed in these two publications:OSHA Construction Industry Outreach Training ProgramOSHA General Industry Outreach Training ProgramEnroll to obtain the OSHA 10 Hour Construction Industry Training ProgramNow, that you know the importance of taking the OSHA 10 hour outreach training, depending on the industry you are working for, and the work tasks that you undertake, do not hesitate to enroll in an appropriate online safety training. Sign up today for either the OSHA 10: Construction Industry Outreach Training or the OSHA 10: General  Industry Outreach Training here provided by HAZWOPER OSHA’s outreach programs training Partner, UL EHS Sustainability.Read our blog titled OSHA Outreach Training Programs – Know the Facts, to ensure you enroll with an authorized trainer. ReferenceOSHA. (2019, January 1, revised). OSHA outreach training program: Construction industry procedures. Website. https://www.osha.gov/training/outreach/constructionOSHA. (2019, January 1, revised). OSHA outreach training program: General industry procedures. Website. https://www.osha.gov/training/outreach/general-industryOSHA. (n.d.) Outreach Training Program (OSHA 10-Hour & 30-Hour Cards). Website. https://www.osha.gov/training/outreach

Protecting Workers in Bad Weather Conditions Raging hurricanes, storms, and generally unfavorably windy and wet weather conditions are occurring more and more each year. These extreme weather conditions pose a threat to not only the public but to businesses necessitating employers to provide a safe working environment to employees. As such, employers should prepare for the hazards associated with adverse weather conditions that may require special facilities and safety equipment being provided to employees, or in some instances, work stoppage to ensure the safety and health of workers. Wet weather and high wind conditions can pose a greater threat to employees working in the construction, mining, oil and gas, and shipbuilding industries. For instance, workers in the construction industry are bound to work in open spaces, at heights, with electrical equipment and metals, in excavation areas and trenches, and also handle hazardous materials as part of their work tasks, thereby exposing them to a myriad of safety hazards. Protecting workers must, therefore, be a priority for employers who must adhere to the guidelines as set out by OSHA regulations and ensure a safe and healthy workplace for employees. Hazards Associated with Unfavorable Weather Conditions There are many adverse weather condition hazards associated with bad weather that depend on the work task of the workers. Most of these hazards would result in health hazards to workers and can also lead to workplace fatalities. Let us quickly review a few hazards that workers would be exposed to. Being struck by lightning Electrocution Slipping and Tripping Floods Drowning Loss of balance Being unable to leave a job site Falls and related injuries Falling objects Cold Stress Below are several situations that require employers to protect workers and safeguard them against the hazards associated with windy and stormy weather. Working on Scaffolds Enroll Now Many construction workers are bound to work on scaffolds while carrying out their job tasks. This exposes them to many of the hazards listed above, making the employer responsible for providing safe working conditions for employees. It is worth noting that the OSHA standard on scaffolding prohibits workers from working on scaffolds during high wind conditions and in wet weather. However, the standard does provide some leeway by allowing workers to do so if a competent person has deemed it safe to work on a scaffold, and workers are protected by a personal fall arrest system or windscreens. Working at Heights / Fall Protection Enroll Now Workers working at heights are endangered due to the adverse weather elements. They can be struck by lightning or lose balance due to raging winds. Thus, protecting workers who work at heights should be a priority for employers.   Working in Open Spaces Often work tasks require employees to work in open spaces. This is especially true for workers in the construction industry and those involved in roadworks, and even window cleaners of high-rise buildings. Business organizations involved in such operations must have in place adequate worker protections to ensure their health and safety during adverse weather conditions ensuring they are protected from falls, falling objects, and even electrocution if in proximity to metals. Working with Electrical Equipment Enroll Now Workers must be made aware of the dangers of working with electrical equipment during storms. If required, equip workers with equipment that is suitable for use in wet weather conditions. More importantly, protect workers by requiring them to wear rubber gloves and rubber-soled shoes that do not conduct electricity. Ensure workers keep the required distances from powerlines and open electrical equipment. Working with Heavy Equipment and Machinery During bad weather, visibility is an issue. Hence, using heavy equipment and machinery can be dangerous as this may increase the possibility of accidents occurring, thereby raising the risks to worker safety.   Working in Excavations and Trenches Enroll Now When it is raining, excavations and trenches must be safeguarded against the threat of flooding and soil erosion. In the case of deep excavation, a landslide could also be a threat. Workers must be trained to know the different hazards they are exposed to and what to do to overcome such hazards. Working in Confined Spaces Enroll Now Workers working in confined spaces would also be at risk during bad weather as entry points may become wet and slippery, or water may seep through into the confined space causing increased danger when working in such areas. If these confined spaces contain electronic equipment, powerlines, live wires, or even have water or sewerage pipelines passing through, there would be additional risks to workers' health and safety during storms. Risk assessments must also be made on the possibility of the confined space atmospheres becoming toxic or oxygen levels reducing.We offer a comprehensive array of OSHA-compliant safety training courses that are designed to equip workers with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate hazardous waste operations and emergency response situations safely, including adverse weather condition hazards. With a focus on compliance with OSHA regulations,  How to Protect Workers? An employer must identify the relevant workplace hazards that can take place due to weather-related emergencies by undertaking a hazard assessment and then making sure to implement relevant worker protections as and when required as weather conditions deteriorate. Using the Hierarchy of Controls, to determine the best methods to protect workers, employers can establish workplace emergency procedures to suit each worksite's requirements. Employers are free to choose a combination of elimination, substitution, workplace practices, engineering controls, administrative control, or personal protective equipment to protect workers against the hazards posed by high winds, storms, and other wet weather conditions. An Emergency Action Plan The most important aspect of protecting workers during adverse weather is for employers to be prepared with relevant preparedness, emergency, and response plans. According to 29 CFR 1910.38 standard, OSHA requires all employers to have in place a written emergency action plan that includes emergencies caused by bad weather. However, employers employing equal to or less than 10 workers can verbally communicate the emergency action plan. OSHA also offers dedicated guidance to employers to be prepared for adverse weather situations such as Hurricane Preparedness and Response and Tornado Preparedness and Response. Tips for Protecting Workers During Adverse Weather Conditions Daily weather forecast monitoring. Being aware of approaching hurricanes and storms. Training workers to identify signs of approaching bad weather conditions – such as thunder in the distance, dark clouds, increasing wind speeds, etc. Securing loose objects and other materials at the worksite. Ensuring workers wear proper protective clothing such as rain gear, anti-slip soled shoes, ribbed gloves, etc. Ensuring workers are equipped with proper personal fall protection systems. Securing worksites with adverse weather safeguards. Providing areas for safe shelter at open worksites. Temporary cessation of work at heights or on scaffolding. Rescheduling or rearranging work tasks so that workers are not exposed to the elements. Temporary stoppage of electrical work and the use of heavy machinery. Securing excavation areas and trenches. Gathering workers for a quick review of safety protocols and emergency procedures and exits. Wearing bright and reflective safety jackets or outer clothing to ensure being visible when carrying-out work tasks. Using equipment and tools that are designed to be used in wet weather conditions. Ensuring employees are trained to identify and safeguard against cold stress. Finally, the Need for Training Programs Bad weather and sudden changes in weather conditions are becoming a regular occurrence often attributed to climate change! As with most situations, knowledge and information are key in protecting workers' safety. Thus, employers should ensure that employees are trained to understand the prevalence of hazards, how to avoid such hazards, workplace safety policies, and safety procedures such as first aid that can be enacted in emergencies. Training programs, as reiterated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, are and will remain a critical aspect of protecting workers from hazards irrespective of their occurrence—due to accidental release of chemical substances, falls, or emergencies resulting from unfavorable weather conditions.Working in adverse weather conditions toolbox talk is essential for employees to understand the risks associated with such conditions and how to mitigate them.

Excavation and Trenching - Hazards and Safeguards Excavation and trenching are cited by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) as being amongst the most hazardous work tasks undertaken in construction operations (OSHA, 2015). In fact, excavation work is attributed to having a 112% higher fatality rate than general construction work (OSHA, n.d.). So, what is the difference between excavation and trenching, and what hazards should construction industry workers be aware of and protected against? Definition of an Excavation and a Trench Any crater, hole, ditch, or gutter deliberately made by digging and removing soil or sand using tools, machinery, or explosives below the surface of the ground is defined as an excavation. A trench is an excavation that is narrow compared to its length. According to OSHA, “the depth of a trench is greater than its width, but the width of a trench (measured at the bottom) is not greater than 15 feet” (2015, p.1). Excavations and trenching are most often carried out during building construction projects, in road repair work, when installing underground power lines, tanks, sewerage systems, etc. Hazards Associated with Excavation and Trenching There are several hazards that workers must be aware of, and where employers must provide relevant precautions to safeguard employees working in and around excavations and trenching operations. These are: Cave-ins – meaning the collapse of an excavation or a trench. This is a very common excavation hazard that can cause severe injuries and often result in fatalities at a job site; Asphyxiation – caused by a lack of oxygen due to a cave-in or the nature of a confined space; Hazardous atmospheres - due to toxic fume inhalation from underground gas pockets or even damage to underground gas pipes; Falling into excavations or trenches – especially if they are very deep; Falling objects; Falling loads - displacement of rocks, soil, and other materials from the excavation site edge falling on workers working at lower levels; Drowning; Incidents involving mobile equipment; Electrocution – due to underground power lines and underground utilities such as natural gas; and Explosions or fires. Safeguarding Workers Against Excavation and Trenching Hazards OSHA has identified deficiency in the use of appropriate protective systems, failure to inspect trench and protective systems, unsafe spoil-pile placement, and unacceptable and insecure access and egress to excavation and trenches used by workers as the most common reasons for the accidents and deaths caused by excavation hazards (OSHA, n.d.). Employers must adhere to the requirements of OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P or comparable OSHA-approved state plans to safeguard employees undertaking excavation and trenching work in the construction industry. Excavation Safety Methods In general, OSHA recommends a trench that is deeper than 5 feet be outfitted with a protective system unless the excavation is made entirely in stable rock. For a trench that is less than 5 feet deep, a competent person may decide the need for a protective system. However, for a trench that is equal to or more than 20 feet deep, the protective system must be designed by a registered professional engineer or be aligned to the specification given by a registered professional engineer under OSHA standards 1926.652(b) and 1926.652(c). OSHA also recommends the below methods to be used by employers to protect employees’ health and safety when they are engaged in excavation and trenching tasks. Competent Person Inspection All excavations and trenches must be inspected by a competent person before workers are allowed to enter such worksites. These inspections must be done daily, and any changes required to excavation hazard prevention methods should be executed to eliminate the threat of these excavation hazards to workers before they enter the excavation and trench site. A competent person is also required to inspect excavation sites after a rainstorm or flood to ensure the stability of the excavation before workers can begin work again. Adequate and Clear Entry and Exits Referred to as access and egress by OSHA, workers working in trenches and excavations must be given free and clear access to trenches by ensuring no blockage of entries and exists by materials, soil-pilling, or other tools and machinery. Workers working in trench excavations that are equal to or greater than 4 feet in depth must be provided with a ladder, a stairway, a ramp, or any other similar means to exit the excavation site. Exposure to Falling Loads and Falling Objects To safeguard workers against such dangers, heavy excavation equipment and materials should be kept away from the edges of excavation and trench sites. Excavated soil, stones, and other materials should also be kept at least 2 feet from trench edges to ensure such material does not slide and fall on workers who are working below. Employees should also be made aware to not work under suspended materials and loads. Atmosphere Testing and Controls for Trenches and Excavation Areas To ensure that workers are safeguarded against hazards such as explosions, fires, toxic emission inhalation, or asphyxiation excavations and trenches that are deeper than 4 feet must be tested for hazardous fumes, toxic gases, flammable gases, and low oxygen levels before workers enter the excavation area. Precautions such as respiratory systems and proper ventilation systems must be used when trenches and excavations deeper than 4 feet contain less than 19.5 percent of oxygen or the air is contaminated with poisonous gases. Protective Systems to Prevent Cave-ins When deciding on a protective system, several factors including soil types, depth of excavation, the water content in the soil, adjustments for changing weather conditions, and use of materials and other equipment in the trench or excavation process must be considered. OSHA recommends one of the below protective systems to be used to safeguard workers against soil movement and cave-ins when they work in trenches and excavations. Benching trench walls – This involves shaping the excavation sides to resemble steps to prevent soil erosion and cave-ins. Sloping trench walls – The excavation sidewalls must be dug or cut at an angle inclined away from the base of the trench or excavation site. Shoring trench walls – Using external supports or other shoring systems made from aluminum or other strong material to brace excavation walls to prevent soil movement and cave-ins. Shielding trench walls – This involves supporting the excavation area sidewalls with trench boxes and other materials so that workers are safeguarded against cave-ins. Worker Training Training workers to understand the hazards and safeguards required when working at excavation and trench worksites is also important to ensure their occupational safety and health. OSHA recommends a combination of online training and on-site training that must be given to protect workers who are expected to work in and around excavations and trenches. Our OSHA Competent Person For Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring online training course for individuals seeking certification for work in compliance with OSHA’s excavations regulations specified in 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P. Enroll in this course today! This is your opportunity to learn more about excavation hazards and the safeguards that must be implemented when working in and around excavations and trenches. Our online training program comprises five lessons, and 8+ multimedia elements, and uses the innovative HAZWOPER media player (OSHA accepted) ensuring students stay engaged, are challenged, and obtain adequate knowledge. References OSHA. (2011). OSHA Fact Sheet. Trenching and Excavations Safety [PDF]. Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/osha2226.pdf OSHA. (2015). Trenching and Excavation Safety [PDF]. Website. https://media.hazwoper-osha.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/13193515/osha2226.pdf OSHA. (2018). OSHA Fact Sheet. Working Safely in Trenches [PDF). Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/trench_safety_tips_card.pdf OSHA. (n.d.). Trenching and Excavation eTools. Website. https://www.osha.gov/etools/construction/trenching 

The Hazards of Hydrogen Sulfide What is Hydrogen Sulfide? Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a chemical compound, is a colorless gas that has an overpowering odor likened to rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulfide is naturally produced when organic materials undergo a microbial breakdown and oxygen is absent. Hydrogen sulfide is heavier than air and is therefore found in low-lying areas. H2S is poisonous and considered highly toxic to human health. This is because H2S akin to carbon monoxide (CO) prevents cellular respiration. Hydrogen sulfide is also flammable, highly reactive, and is a corrosive agent. Where is Hydrogen Sulfide Found? As a naturally produced gas from decaying organic matter, hydrogen sulfide can be released from garbage landfills, sewage sludge, swamps, liquid manure, hot sulfur springs, well water, and oil and gas wells. H2S also can be found in natural and volcanic gases. Hydrogen sulfide is commonly used and produced by several industries including oil and gas, mining, pulp and paper processing, and rayon manufacturing. Processes such as petrochemical refining, oil and gas drilling, wastewater treatment, sewerage operations, and hot asphalt paving can release hydrogen sulfide as a by-product. Hence, hydrogen sulfide may be found in underground tanks, sewers, manure storage tanks, manure pits, tunnels, wells, and confined spaces; around refining operations and livestock; and while processing pulp, paper, and textiles. When Does Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Become Dangerous to Human Health? Hydrogen sulfide is present in the atmosphere at low levels, it is also released as exhaust from cars. Such low levels of exposure to H2S is considered a part of our daily lives. However, care must be taken when exposure occurs in occupational settings. This is because the length of exposure, the quantity of H2S gas exposed to, the route of exposure, and an individual’s preexisting medical conditions together with age, dietary habits, and other personal factors can impact the toxicity of exposure to hydrogen sulfide. As a result, both OSHA and NIOSH provide guidance to protect workers from H2S exposure in occupational settings. Hydrogen sulfide exposure at or above 100 ppm (parts per million) is considered immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) as stated by NIOSH, while OSHA provides worker exposure limits using an enforceable permissible exposure limit (PEL) level for different industries and timeframes. The table below gives guidance on worker exposure limits. Worker Exposure Limits NIOSH REL (10-min. ceiling): 10 ppm OSHA PELs: General Industry Ceiling Limit: 20 ppm General Industry Peak Limit: 50 ppm (up to 10 minutes if no other exposure during shift) Construction 8-hour Limit: 10 ppm Shipyard 8-hour limit: 10 ppm NIOSH IDLH: 100 ppm IDLH: immediately dangerous to life and health (the level that interferes with the ability to escape) (NIOSH) PEL: permissible exposure limit (enforceable) (OSHA) ppm: parts per million REL: recommended exposure limit (NIOSH) Table Source: OSHA. (n.d.). Hydrogen Sulfide - Hazards. Website. https://www.osha.gov/hydrogen-sulfide What are the Routes of Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure? There are several main routes of worker exposure to hydrogen sulfide. Breathing (Inhalation) The most likely and common route of exposure to H2S is breathing in the gas. Workers in occupations where hydrogen sulfide is produced as a by-product and working in windless or low-lying areas, in hot weather conditions, in confined spaces, or close to swamps are more likely to be exposed to higher doses of H2S in the atmosphere. Inhalation of the H2S gas can also occur due to accidental releases. While people can smell the rotten egg odor of H2S, continuous low-level exposure or sudden high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide results in the loss of the ability to smell the H2S gas, known as olfactory fatigue. Therefore, using smell to detect H2S in the air is not a reliable method. Touching (Absorption through the Skin or Eye) Touching is another method of exposure to hydrogen sulfide. Workers would be exposed if they touch other materials that contain H2S or have direct contact with liquid hydrogen sulfide. Workers exposed to H2S even in low concentrations may absorb the gas through the eyes. Drinking (Ingestion) As water can be contaminated with H2S, any worker working in an industry where hydrogen sulfide is produced or used has a possibility of being exposed through this route. What are the Symptoms and Health Hazards Associated with Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure? Employees who may be exposed to hydrogen sulfide must be aware that hydrogen sulfide has an adverse impact on the human respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, renal system, and the skin and eyes. The below symptoms and health hazards associated with H2S exposure impact the above-mentioned human biological systems. The severity of the symptoms and the associated health problems are dependent on the length and dose of exposure among other factors. Hence, undergoing regular medical checkups is advised if working in occupations with exposure to hydrogen sulfide. 1. Skin irritation 8. Chronic cough 15. Irritability 2. Eye irritation 9. Fluid in the lungs 16. Headache 3. Throat irritation 10. Low blood pressure 17. Loss of appetite 4. Shortness of breath 11. Weight loss 18. Memory problems 5. Eye-membrane inflammation 12. Nausea 19. Loss of consciousness leading to falls and other injuries 6. Dermatitis 13. Tiredness 7. Frostbite 14. Dizziness What can Employers do to Safeguard Worker Safety and Health? Following OSHA and NIOSH recommendations will enable employers to safeguard workers exposed to hydrogen sulfide. Employers must employ the Hierarchy of Controls to safeguard workers’ health and apply relevant engineering controls, administrative controls, and work practice controls within the workplace. Furthermore, as required, workers must be provided with personal protective equipment (PPE) such as a full facepiece pressure-demand self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and personal H2S detectors. Regularly undertaking air monitoring in areas with possible exposure to hydrogen sulfide and installing hydrogen sulfide detectors in case of a gas leak are good practices to implement at the worksite. In addition, employers must ensure that employees exposed to or with the possibility of exposure to hydrogen sulfide be given adequate training and knowledge to: Understand the characteristics of hydrogen sulfide; Identify sources that produce and release the H2S gas; Explain the safety and health hazards of H2S exposure; Distinguish the different occupational exposure limits of H2S given by various organizations; Understand the symptoms of H2S exposure; Understand the need for medical surveillance when working in occupations with the possibility of H2S exposure; Understand the Hierarchy of Controls and how it is applicable; and Enact first-aid procedures when exposed to hydrogen sulfide. Employers can provide this training using a combination of online and classroom training as well as on-site and on-the-job training. We provide a comprehensive training course for Hydrogen Sulfide Awareness. Employees working in occupations and industries with possible exposure to H2S can enroll in our OSHA Hydrogen Sulfide Awareness online training today!     References: Delaware Health and Social Services – Division of Public Health. (2013, September, Revised). Frequently Asked Questions: Hydrogen Sulfide [PDF]. Website. https://dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/files/hydsulffaq.pdf OSHA. (2005, October). OSHA Fact Sheet - Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) [PDF]. Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/hydrogen_sulfide_fact.pdf OSHA. (n.d.). Hydrogen Sulfide - Hazards. Website https://www.osha.gov/hydrogen-sulfide OSHA. (n.d.). Hydrogen Sulfide – Overview. Website. https://www.osha.gov/hydrogen-sulfide

Portable Ladder Safety Protocols to Safely Work at Heights We use ladders all the time—at our homes, in our offices, in stores, in warehouses, on roads, on pathways, for repair work, and the list goes on. Ladders are so integral in our everyday lives that we do not give them much thought. However, ladder safety should be equally integrated within our lives as the use of ladders. The mantra of ‘ladder safety becomes even more important when used for occupational tasks. Workers who use ladders on construction sites, in confined spaces, on scaffolding, and to complete various other industrial occupational job tasks must be made aware of the safe use of ladders. The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) recognizes the importance of ladder safety. For the 2019 fiscal year, OSHA recognized violations against its 1926.1053 standard that covers general requirements for all ladders in the construction industry within its top 10 cited violations, while violations of fall protection topped the list (OSHA, n.d.a). Furthermore, according to the US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics annually, more than 310 construction workers are killed and more than 10,350 are fatally injured by falls from heights (CDC-NIOSH, 2019). It is, therefore, imperative that employers provide employees with adequate training on the safe use of ladders and adhere to the OSHA ladder safety and fall protection standards when expecting employees to utilize ladders in the workplace to protect them from falls, electrocutions, and other ladder-related hazards. Choosing the Right Ladder Ladders come in all shapes, materials, and sizes. There are four main types of portable ladders used for different purposes and situations. They are the step ladder, the straight ladder, the combination ladder, and the extension ladder (OSHA, n.d.b). These ladders are made of various materials—aluminum, fiberglass, wood, and steel—with their distinct strengths and weaknesses. Hence choosing the right type of ladders is equally important as choosing a ladder manufactured from the right material to increase safety when using ladders. But more important is knowing and applying ladder safety practices in the workplace, especially construction sites, as this is the most important aspect that will reduce the hazard of falls in the workplace, thereby increasing worker occupational health the safety and reduce fatalities from falls. Best Practices to Adopt for Ladder Safety A cardinal rule for ladder safety is to use the right type of ladder for the job being done. Another important point workers must concede to ensure their safety is to not use ladders if they are unwell and feel dizzy and tired. Workers with underlying illnesses such as vertigo must also not use ladders. Let us also not forget that workers should wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) including shoes with slip-resistant soles and gloves with a good grip. Workers must also wear fall arrest systems when using ladders on scaffolding and above certain heights as recommended by OSHA’s fall protection and scaffolding standards. Employees must also read and follow the manufacturer’s instructions and guidance on the proper use and care of ladders. Here are some of OSHA's recommended portable ladder safety practices to make sure employees are safeguarded in the workplace from falling from heights when using a ladder. Use the right type of ladder for the job being done. Do not climb to the top-most rung/step of the ladder unless it was designed for that purpose. Make sure not to stand on the three top rungs of a straight, single, or extension ladder. When climbing a ladder, a worker should keep his body in the middle of the rung. Make sure the ladder rungs, steps, or feet are not covered with any slippery material. Workers must always face the ladder when climbing it. When climbing a ladder, workers must always have either two hands and a foot, or two feet and a hand in direct contact with the ladder’s rungs. Have a competent person visually inspect ladders before use to ensure there are no damages. Do not use ladders where the rungs or side rails are covered in paint or stickers as this would conceal any damages on rungs or holds. Safety information-related stickers are allowed. Immediately remove from service any damaged ladders including: Ladders with missing rungs; Ladders with loose or missing parts; Ladders with side rails bent or fractures; or Ladders that sway or lean to the side. When placing a ladder to reach a higher level work area, check that there are no overhead power lines, especially if using metal ladders. Do not place ladders close to power lines or exposed energized electrical equipment. When using extension ladders, make sure all the locks are properly tightened at extension points before use. Make sure ladders are placed so that they are not accidentally displaced by other work activities. If ladders are placed close to other work activities or where other workers frequently move about then ladders must be secured to prevent displacement or a barricade erected. Ladders should be placed only on a stable and level surface unless it has been secured either at the top or bottom to prevent displacement. Do not place ladders on movable objects such as barrels and boxes to increase height. In this case, use a ladder that is long enough to safely reach the higher work area. Do not use a self-supporting ladder; such as a step ladder; in a partially closed position or as a single ladder. Ladders should be placed on a solid non-movable surface. Ladders should not be moved while a worker or equipment is on the ladder. Make sure the base of the ladder is positioned at an angle that is a quarter of the working length of the ladder when placing the ladder against a wall or other solid vertical surface (see image). Image Source: OSHA (n.d.b) If using an extension or straight ladder to access an elevated surface, the ladder must extend at least 3 feet above the point of support (see image). Ladders and ladder accessories such as ladder levelers, hooks, or jacks should only be used for their designed purposes. Never overload ladders. Know the ladder’s load rating and the weight it can support including both people and tools. Do not exceed the maximum load rating of a ladder. If using ladders in open areas or on scaffolding, do not use them during storms or strong wind conditions. In addition to the above OSHA recommendations, here are a few ladder safety suggestions by the American Ladder Institute. People climbing ladders should wear clean slip-resistant shoes. Ladders should be used only by one person at a time unless the ladder is specifically designed for more than one climber, such as a trestle ladder. Ladders must not be placed in front of closed doors that can open toward the ladder. If ladders are placed in front of doors that can open toward the ladder then the door must be blocked open, locked, or guarded. OSHA's Standards OSHA’s standards for the construction industry and general industry provide more specific guidelines for the use of ladders. Read the information on ladder safety to ensure occupational safety and health. Here is the link to OSHA’s Construction Standard 1053 Subpart X: Stairways and Ladders Here is the link to OSHA’s General Industry Standard 23 Subpart D: Walking-working Surfaces Additional Guidance by OSHA for Ladder Safety OSHA has several pieces of literature on ladder safety. Below are some publications, facts sheets, and related links that will provide more details to better understand ladder safety needs. OSHA Publications - Falling Off Ladders Can Kill: Use Them Safely OSHA Fact Sheet - Reducing Falls in Construction: Safe Use of Extension Ladders OSHA Fact Sheet - Reducing Falls in Construction: Safe Use of Stepladders  OSHA Fact Sheet - Reducing Falls in Construction: Safe Use of Job-made Wooden Ladders Employees who work at heights must understand not only ladder safety but the many safety procedures and requirements pertaining to fall protection. They can enroll in our the OSHA Competent Person for Fall Protection online training course today!. Enroll Now! References CDC, NIOSH. (2019 November). Prevent Construction Falls from Roofs, Ladders, and Scaffolds. Publication No. 2019-128. Website. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2019-128/pdfs/2019-128Revised112019.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2019128revised112019 OSHA (n.d.a). Top 10 Most Frequently Cited Standards for the Fiscal Year 2019 (Oct. 1, 2018, to Sept. 30, 2019). Website. https://www.osha.gov/top10citedstandards OSHA (n.d.b). Portable Ladder Safety. Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/portable_ladder_qc.pdf

Types of Chemical Hazards and How to Manage ThemIndustrial development and increasing demand for diverse goods and services to cater to the increasing whims and needs of humanity have resulted in chemicals being utilized in many products and processes. This has increased the chemical exposure of people, both at home and in the workplace. Therefore, exposure to chemicals and their harmful effects, including the risks associated with different types of chemical hazards, has spread across the globe at alarming rates causing a rise in health problems and negatively affecting worker safety.Chemical hazards are mainly caused by the characteristics of chemical substances that may cause explosions, fires, or corrosions; or emit poisonous gases or mini particles. Often, chemical substances react negatively when exposed to, or mixed with, other materials or chemical substances. For instance, asbestos particles are usually dispersed in the atmosphere when moved.Routes of Chemical ExposureWhile the use of chemicals in processes, production, and goods has benefited people in many ways, these chemical substances are also the cause of chemical hazards. There are several routes of chemical exposure as described below, along with chemical hazard examples.Inhalation – that is breathing in toxic vapors or small chemical particlesAbsorption – such as direct exposure to the skin by touching a chemical substance without any protection such as wearing gloves.Injection – that is when a sharp contaminated object or needle accidentally penetrates a worker’s body (such as hand or foot)Ingestion – that is when toxins are accidentally swallowedHuman biology allows chemicals and other toxic substances to enter the body in different ways. The most common is inhalation when harmful gases are present in the atmosphere. Another is through direct contact of the skin with the hazardous substance. Injection of a hazardous chemical or contaminated substance is possible if employees are working in laboratories or medical facilities dealing with contaminated needles and other infectious materials. Ingestion is the fourth method, but it is a less common form of exposure in the workplace. An example of chemical hazard illustrating these modes of entry is benzene, a common industrial solvent. Inhalation of benzene vapors can lead to harmful effects on the nervous system and bone marrow, while skin contact can cause irritation and dermatitis.Types of Chemical Hazards in the WorkplaceThere are several types of chemical hazards in the workplace. While there are several classifications for these chemical hazards, many of these hazardous chemical substances fall within these 9 classifications. AsphyxiantsChemical asphyxiants deprive the body of oxygen; interrupting the transfer and use of oxygen by the bloodstream.Asphyxiant Chemical Examples: Carbon monoxide and cyanide. CorrosivesChemical corrosives cause visible and/or irreversible changes to the composition of a material due to direct contact. Similarly, these can also cause a localized reaction in the human body at the point of contact. However, corrosive chemicals also have the potential to produce systemic chemical exposure away from the point of contact when mixed with other substances.Corrosive Chemical Examples: Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide.IrritantsChemical hazards that are classified as irritants cause harm to the eyes, skin, or respiratory tract of a person. Irritants are either highly, moderately, or slightly water-soluble. The hazards can manifest as redness, rashes, inflammation, coughing, or hemorrhaging. Irritants are mostly short-term severe illnesses but can also have long-lasting side effects in some people. People can also have an allergic reaction to some of these chemical materials with long-lasting health impacts or even be fatal.Irritant Causing Chemical Examples: nickel chloride and chromic acid.SensitizersSensitizers are also known as allergens meaning they cause an allergic reaction in people who face repeated exposure over time to certain chemicals. Reactions to chemicals deemed as sensitizers vary from person to person and can be either acute or chronic. Chemical exposure can manifest as swelling of the airway or develop into dangerous illnesses such as lung disease. Some diseases such as asthma and contact dermatitis become common among people due to over-exposure to chemicals.Allergen Causing Chemical Examples: Chlorine and alkalis.CarcinogensCarcinogens are cancer-causing chemical substances, and a small amount of such a chemical is enough to severely harm human health. The hazards of such chemical substances will only appear many years after exposure. There are over 200 known human carcinogens.Chemical Carcinogen Examples: Benzene, cadmium, formaldehyde, and vinyl chloride.MutagensChemicals classified as mutagens cause genetic changes to a cell’s DNA and RNA. Genetic changes can cause cancer, prevent normal biological functions, or may result in the malfunction of a particular organ. Chemical Mutagen Examples: Benzene, ionizing radiation, and hydrogen peroxide.TeratogensChemical teratogens can disrupt the normal development of a fetus causing birth defects and even the healthy advancement of pregnancy.Chemical Teratogen Examples: Thalidomide, ionizing radiation, and organic mercury compounds.ReactiveChemical substances that cause a chemical hazard such as an explosion when mixed or combined with other chemical or non-chemical substances such as water or air.Reactive Chemical Examples: Nitric acid, benzoyl peroxide, and silane.FlammableMany chemicals are characterized as flammable as they can easily burn or ignite when exposed to oxygen.Flammable Chemical Examples: Methanol, acetone, propane, and butane.For a complete list of workplace chemicals and their hazards, refer to the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (NPG).Managing Workplace Chemical HazardsThe Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guides employers to protect employees in the workplace from chemical hazards. Using the strategy of the Hierarchy of Controls, developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the recommendations from the most effective to the least effective ways to control chemical hazards are as follows:Elimination/Substitution – where the need for hazardous chemical usage is completely removed or an alternate less or non-hazardous chemical is used.Engineering Controls – where employers must implement changes that are physical to the workplace helping to reduce exposure to chemical hazards of workers using or handling hazardous chemical substances.Administrative and Work Practice Controls – changing how a work task is performed or establishing efficient workplace policies, protocols, processes, and control and monitoring mechanisms.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – using PPE such as respirators, gloves, protective full-body suits, etc., can help in reducing the workers' direct contact with the hazardous chemical.In addition to implementing the Hierarchy of Controls, employers can also benefit from following OSHA’s guidelines on Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for chemical hazard exposures to workers. NIOSH has provided  Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs), while the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) gives guidance in the form of Threshold Limit Value (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs). Read more here.OSHA also recommends hazard communication in the form of labeling containers, putting up safety signs, using pictograms, and developing safety data sheets. OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard aids employers and employees in better understanding different types of chemical hazards in the workplace and identifying and implementing methods to minimize and control workplace chemical hazards. The Standard also recommends training for employees handling hazardous chemicals as part of their regular work tasks as well as during emergencies when spills or exposures to chemical substances can occur in the workplace. Environmental Mixed Exposures Environmental mixed exposures refer to situations where individuals, communities, or ecosystems are simultaneously exposed to multiple environmental risks or stressors that can have both positive and negative effects. These exposures often arise due to the interconnectedness of environmental factors and their impacts on various aspects of human and ecological well-being. Here are some examples of environmental mixed exposures: 1. Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss: Climate change can lead to shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns, affecting ecosystems and habitats. These changes might also contribute to the loss of biodiversity as species struggle to adapt or migrate. 2. Air Pollution and Extreme Weather Events: Populations in urban areas might face exposure to both chronic air pollution, which can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular issues, and extreme weather events like heat waves and storms, which pose immediate dangers. 3. Water Scarcity and Soil Degradation: Regions facing water scarcity may also experience soil degradation due to overuse, poor land management practices, or contamination. These combined stressors can impact agricultural productivity and water availability for communities. 4. Land Use Changes and Habitat Fragmentation: Urban expansion and agricultural development can result in habitat fragmentation, where ecosystems are divided into smaller, isolated patches. This can lead to negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. 5. Chemical Pollutants and Ecosystem Health: Chemical pollutants from industrial activities or agricultural runoff can affect both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These pollutants can disrupt ecosystem balance, impacting species diversity and human health. 6. Coastal Development and Sea Level Rise: Coastal areas experiencing rapid development might be vulnerable to both sea level rise due to climate change and increased storm surges, leading to increased flood risks. 7. Deforestation and Carbon Sequestration: The loss of forests reduces the capacity to sequester carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change. Deforestation also affects biodiversity and disrupts local hydrological cycles. 8. Water Pollution and Food Security: Contaminated water sources can compromise agricultural productivity and food safety. Communities that rely on polluted water for irrigation and consumption can face health risks and reduced food availability. 9. Urbanization and Green Space: Rapid urbanization can lead to reduced green spaces and increased heat island effects. This can impact both human health and urban ecosystems. 10. Mining Activities and Water Quality: Mining operations can introduce pollutants into water sources, affecting both aquatic ecosystems and communities dependent on clean water for drinking and livelihoods. 11. Renewable Energy Expansion and Land Use Conflicts: While transitioning to renewable energy sources is positive for reducing carbon emissions, conflicts can arise over land use for renewable energy infrastructure, potentially impacting ecosystems and local communities. Addressing environmental mixed exposures often requires integrated and holistic approaches that consider the interconnectedness of various factors. Policy-making, sustainable resource management, and community engagement are crucial for minimizing negative impacts and maximizing positive outcomes in the face of complex environmental challenges. Online Training Courses for Chemical HazardsTraining is an important aspect of ensuring worker safety when dealing with chemical hazards. We provide a range of safety training courses that can support employers to safeguard their workers while they carry out work tasks involving hazardous chemicals and other substances. Below are a few online safety training courses that are dedicated to hazardous chemical safety or include detailed lessons on chemical hazards. Questions such as the types of chemical hazards, how to minimize exposure and risk of chemical hazards, and workplace safety protocols when dealing with a range of hazardous chemicals and hazardous materials are answered in these courses in line with the topic of the training course.OSHA 24-Hour HAZWOPER – RCRA TSD Operations TrainingOSHA 40 Hour HAZWOPER TrainingOSHA Hazard Communication With GHS TrainingOSHA Silica Awareness Training For the full range of OSHA-compliant training programs, click here.We also offer group instructor-led training programs either at the client's premises or via virtual platforms for large corporations and employers with a large workforce.Enroll your workers today to ensure their health and safety!

Identifying and Safeguarding Against Asbestos Hazards Asbestos, a group of naturally occurring silicate minerals, is found in rocks and soil around the world. As asbestos is strong as well as fire-resistant with insulating properties, it has been widely used as a raw material in the manufacture of construction goods, textile products, and automotive parts. Asbestos has been utilized since the time of early civilization. However, it was the Industrial Revolution of the 1900s that caused increased levels of asbestos mining and manufacturing, resulting in increased popularity. However, the discovery of the negative impact of asbestos on human health has resulted in regulations being enacted on asbestos exposure and use to minimize and eliminate asbestos hazards. Still, the existence of asbestos use in varied industries persists. Hence, OSHA has developed and implemented specific asbestos standards to protect employees from asbestos hazards when working in the general industry, shipyards, and construction. Why is Asbestos Exposure Hazardous to Health? The increased risk of asbestos exposure is mainly due to asbestos fibers - which are small, light, and unseen by the human eye. When asbestos is moved, broken up, or dislodged from its original location, tiny fibers separate and enter the atmosphere, unlike other minerals that turn to dust. Hence, asbestos fibers are easily carried in the air and inhaled by people when asbestos-containing materials (ACM) are removed or moved. These asbestos fibers get trapped in the lungs and can also lodge in the human digestive system, triggering health hazards. However, ACM that isn't moved and remains intact is not a health hazard, as the likelihood of asbestos fibers forming is negligible. OSHA defines asbestos-containing materials (ACM) as any material containing more than 1% of asbestos (OSHA, n.d.a.) Identifying Asbestos Exposure As asbestos poisoning can only occur if asbestos is moved, broken up, or dislodged from its original location, workers with the highest risks are those who have direct contact with asbestos (such as miners and chemical plant workers); use asbestos as a raw material for the manufacture of goods, and use asbestos-containing materials (ACM) in conducting their job tasks. The largest group is likely the people using ACM as part of their job task, as this would include occupations such as construction workers, plumbers, shipyard workers, power plant workers, automobile mechanics, boiler workers, and insulation workers. People working in these occupations should also be aware of the products that may contain asbestos. OSHA has identified the below products as ACM if installed before 1981. Thermal system insulation Roofing and siding shingles Vinyl floor tiles Plaster, cement, putties, and caulk Ceiling tiles and spray-on coatings Industrial pipe wrapping Heat-resistant textiles Automobile brake linings and clutch pads (OSHA, 2014) Diseases Caused by Asbestos Exposure Asbestos is a known human carcinogen. According to OSHA, the highest risk of workers succumbing to asbestos-related diseases is when they are exposed to asbestos over a longer-term, very frequently, or in high concentrations. The two most treacherous disorders linked to asbestos exposure are cancer and chronic lung disease. Chronic Lung Disease Chronic lung disease affects the lungs and respiratory system. Asbestos poisoning causes chronic lung disease known as Asbestosis. Asbestosis results in inflammation and scar-like tissue to form on the lungs resulting in decreased elasticity and breathing difficulty. Asbestosis does not happen overnight. This disease occurs with prolonged exposure to asbestos over time or in high quantities. Common Symptoms: Shortness of breath, wheezing, a feeling of tightness in the chest, chronic cough, recurrent respiratory infections, lack of energy, and swelling in ankles, feet, or legs. For additional information, refer to the American Lung Association webpage on Asbestosis. Cancer Long-term asbestos exposure can result in cancer, in particular, lung cancer, gastrointestinal (stomach) cancer, and mesothelioma. Mesothelioma causes cancer of the lining of the chest and abdominal cavity. Common symptoms include chest pain and breathing difficulty. For additional information on mesothelioma, visit the American Cancer Society's webpage. Regulatory Protection for Workers Exposed to Asbestos Hazards OSHA classifies asbestos exposure in construction work into four work classifications ranging from the most potentially hazardous work to the least dangerous jobs. As such, employers must identify workers falling within the separate classes and provide them with the requisite tools to ensure their health and safety in the workplace. Safety measures range from engineering controls, work practices, respiratory protection, decontamination facilities, training, hazard communication, medical surveillance, and exposure monitoring to separate lunch areas. OSHA’s construction standard 29 CRF 1926.1101 Subpart Z, regulates asbestos exposure of employees whose work tasks involve the following: Demolition or salvage of structures where asbestos is present; Removal or encapsulation of materials containing asbestos; Construction, alteration, repair, maintenance, or renovation of structures, substrates, or portions thereof that contain asbestos; Installation of products containing asbestos; Asbestos spill/emergency cleanup; and Transportation, disposal, storage, containment of, and housekeeping activities involving asbestos or products containing asbestos, on the site or location at which construction activities take place. (OSHA, n.d.b.) OSHA’s 29 CFR 1915.1001 Subpart Z regulates asbestos exposure of shipyard employment comprising of ship repairing, shipbuilding, and shipbreaking. The following work tasks are included in the standard. Demolition or salvage of structures, vessels, and vessel sections where asbestos is present; Removal or encapsulation of materials containing asbestos; Construction, alteration, repair, maintenance, or renovation of vessels, vessel sections, structures, substrates, or portions thereof, that contain asbestos; Installation of products containing asbestos; Asbestos spill/emergency cleanup; and Transportation, disposal, storage, containment of, and housekeeping activities involving asbestos or products containing asbestos, on the site or location at which construction activities take place. OSHA, n.d.c.) While OSHA’s general industry standard 29 CFR 1910.1001 Subpart Z regulates occupational asbestos exposure in all industries covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act except for construction work (covered by 29 CFR 1926.1101) and shipyard employment (covered by 29 CFR 1915.1001). Some examples of occupations covered under the general industry standard are workers involved in maintenance work, brake and clutch repair, and the manufacture of asbestos-containing products. OSHA Recommended Training to Safeguard Workers OSHA recommends training for employees exposed to asbestos in the course of their work. Three training levels aligned to the class of work of the employee are specified. Read our blog on OSHA Construction Asbestos Awareness for further details. We also provide online, in-person group, and virtual instructor-led training for Asbestos Awareness at Level 1. Enroll for the OSHA Asbestos Awareness Training course today!     References Asbestos.com (2020, February 3) History of Asbestos. Website. https://www.asbestos.com/asbestos/history/ OSHA. (2002, Revised). Asbestos Standard for the Construction Industry: OSHA 3096. Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/osha3096.pdf OSHA. (2014). OSHA Fact Sheet – Asbestos. Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA3507.pdf OSHA. (n.d.a.). 1910.1001 – Asbestos. Website. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1001 OSHA. (n.d.b.). 1926.1101 – Asbestos. Website. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.1101 OSHA. (n.d.c.). 1915.1001 – Asbestos. Website. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1915/1915.1001

Donning and Doffing PPE: Importance of Following the Correct Procedure PPE or personal protective equipment has become a commonly understood term across global communities today. The high degree of public usage (both physical and verbal) of PPE is attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic that has caused a great deal of upheaval in our everyday lives. We now understand that PPE refers to facemasks, gloves, face shields, and even the protective gown worn over one’s clothing. It is the norm for this type of PPE to be mainly worn by the medical fraternity and emergency personnel. However, COVID-19 had ensured that people working in proximity to other people such as retail workers, customer service personnel, delivery persons, chefs, hairdressers, beauty treatment technicians, etc., are now wearers of these forms of PPE. However, PPE has a much broader use and encompasses a greater variety of equipment and gear than we realize. So, who else dons PPE while at work, and why do they need to? Also, what type of PPE do these people need to wear? Who Should Don PPE? PPE is used across a range of industries and businesses as a safeguard against injuries and death. People who work in jobs that are dangerous and can cause them bodily harm or even cause long-term illnesses need to wear PPE for their safety. Such individuals include people engaged in construction work such as painters, bricklayers, laborers, decorators, plumbers, technicians, engineers, electricians, etc.; laboratory work; mining operations; excavations and trenching operations; hazardous waste management; and manufacturing functions.  These people are compelled to wear PPE as it safeguards them from falls; physical injury to body parts such as the head, eyes, hands, fingers, feet, etc.; contracting a virus; breathing in toxic substances; and generally ensuring their health and wellbeing. Why Utilize PPE? PPE is used as a measure or tool to protect the health and safety of employees. It is also part of the Hierarchy of Controls as propagated by NIOSH as part of its Prevention through Design (PtD) program aimed at reducing, preventing, or controlling occupational hazards in the workplace that lead to worker injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), in many of its safety standards, have mandated using PPE when workers are exposed to a wide range of hazards, including: falling from heights, falling into holes, breathing polluted air, being struck by a tool or other sharp or heavy object, getting debris in the eyes, noise pollution, when working with hazardous substances, when working with hazardous waste, when working close to powerlines, when working with electrical equipment or heavy machinery, and when working in mines and small enclosed spaces referred to as confined spaces. As you see, the list of hazards is long and endeavors to encompass all types of risks and perils that employees may encounter while at work. As such, using PPE is not a choice for either the employer or the employee, but a good workplace safety practice for the organization. Are there Different Types of PPE? The simple answer is yes. There are many types of PPE recommended for different types of work in various industries. The different types of PPE are in effect linked to varying hazard exposures and parts of the human body the PPE must protect. Thus, when choosing the types of PPE to be provided to employees, both the hazard exposure and the part of the human body that requires protection against injury, sickness, or accident must be duly and extensively contemplated. Once a decision has been taken on the type of hazard exposure, then review the body part that needs protection. How will this hazard affect the worker, and what kind of PPE will protect him or her? Is it for respiratory protection, eye and face protection, ear protection, or hand protection; or does the worker need full-body protection? Therefore, when considered collectively, the range of PPE used to protect workers today is extensive. For example, while we may in all innocence believe a face mask means a surgical mask, a cloth mask, or the N95 mask (a respirator), there are so many other types that it can boggle the mind. The extensive mix of respiratory protection is breathtaking, mainly as different types are used for different jobs and hazards. And with the range and kind of respirators available and recommended for use by OSHA and NIOSH, one must be trained in the art of selecting the right respiratory PPE for the job at hand. The same applies to HAZMAT suits used when people work in operations that expose them to hazardous materials. Read our blog article titled HAZMAT Suits – Levels of Protection for a better understanding of the type of HAZMAT suit required to be donned by an employee depending on the protection level as defined by the EPA depending on the job task undertaken. Training to Understand the Requirements and Use of Different Types of PPE The diversity and extent of PPE required for different hazards, industries, human body parts, and job tasks make it necessary for employees to receive adequate training. OSHA recommends employees receive this training as a combination of classroom training, online training, and field training. All our online training courses offer basic to detailed guidance on PPE usage and requirements aimed at worker safety. Training programs for workers involved in Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER), TSDF operations, and RCRA hazardous waste generator operations include separate lessons on PPE requirements, usage, as well as doffing and donning PPE. Our online courses offering awareness training when handling hazardous materials such as bloodborne pathogens, asbestos, and hydrogen sulfide provide limited guidance on the PPE required for safely working with such contagious materials and chemical compounds. The online training programs aimed at educating employees on safe working procedures when working at heights, on scaffolding, and in excavation, trenching, and shoring operations also provide details on the distinct PPE requirements for these fields of work. Donning and Doffing PPE While it is essential to train employees on understanding the types of PPE, it is equally critical for them to know how to don (that is, wear) and doff (that is, remove) PPE correctly. This is because PPE protects the health and safety of employees working in hazardous conditions or with toxic materials. As PPE must protect such workers from various types of hazards, if not worn and removed correctly, then it will not do the job it must do. When donning PPE, ensure that attachments are fixed as per guidelines while other paraphernalia is utilized correctly. For example, when a person on a scaffold working over the recommended height has not worn his or her personal protective system correctly, then the possibility of injury in case of a fall is much greater. For personnel working in hazardous waste operations and handling other dangerous materials, wearing PPE is more complicated, as the PPE required is more extensive with several regulations to be followed. So, for example, if a worker does not wear the right respiratory protection correctly when handling hazardous substances, then he/she is not going to be safeguarded from breathing in toxic vapors and gases. Likewise, employees must know how to doff PPE correctly. Different workers wearing different types and amounts of PPE will have diverse doffing guidelines and steps to be followed. The process of doffing PPE is especially critical for personnel working in hazardous operations and with hazardous materials, as their PPE is contaminated and requires to be removed carefully without causing external or indirect and unknown contamination to the worker. It is important to remember to avoid contact with the outside surface of the used PPE. Thus, when removing PPE, the method and order of doffing PPE are crucial for such workers. So, for HAZMAT or HAZWOPER workers who wear many types of PPE—respirators/SCBA masks, gloves, safety boots, self-carry oxygen packs, HAZMAT/chemical-protective suits—it is sometimes difficult to understand what to remove first. Besides, it is mandatory for personnel who have been working in contaminated zones to go through a decontamination process before doffing their PPE. The need for the safe removal of PPE also requires them to ask for assistance from a third person. Thus, we can surmise that the doffing of PPE is quite complicated. To help demystify the process, we give below the general procedure to follow when HAZWOPER workers take off their PPE. Step 1: Remove disposable items such as boot coverings or tapes first. Step 2: Remove safety footwear. Step 3: Loosen ties and closings and then remove the hood. Step 4: Remove arms from the sleeves of the HAZMAT suit, carefully, one at a time. Step 5: Remove the lower part of the suit. Step 6: Remove respirators, SCBA facepieces, and accompanying backpacks. Step 7: Remove inner surgical gloves and other protective clothing. Step 8: Clean the body thoroughly. To get the complete training on donning and doffing steps for PPE required to be worn by HAZWOPER workers, enroll in our OSHA 40 Hour HAZWOPER online training course and get your required training without delay!

Air Monitoring: An Effective Method to Safeguard Employeesfrom Exposure to Airborne ContaminantsMany airborne contaminants including hazardous gases, airborne toxins, and other airborne pathogens are present in our surrounding environments. When such airborne toxins, chemicals, and pathogens are inhaled by workers, they are a threat to worker safety and health in both the short- and long terms. Depending on the harmful effects of these airborne contaminants on people, just one inhalation may be enough to adversely impact an individual’s good health. Workers in the construction industry are, however, exposed to a range of chemicals and other hazardous materials which they may inhale on a regular and continuous basis, while workers employed in hazardous waste operations (HAZWOPER) are also exposed to toxic concentrations of various hazardous vapors and gases over a longer duration. Such long-term exposure to hazardous air pollutants can often lead to a severe negative impact on human health. Hence, it is imperative that employers have methodologies to detect and monitor air quality standards to identify the existence of contaminants in the atmosphere and evaluate methods to safeguard employees in the workplace.Importance of Air MonitoringAir monitoring is important in the workplace as it allows employers to decide on workplace methods and processes to ensure worker safety and health.Demarcate areas where protection is needed due to bad air quality.Provide the right type of personal protective equipment to workers.Evaluate potential health effects from worker exposure.Determine the need for specific medical monitoring.From a human health and safety perspective, air quality monitoring is important due to the exposure of workers through inhalation, which is breathing contaminated air, and contact with the skin and eyes. Such exposure leads to myriad diseases and illnesses that can have short to long-term negative impacts on an individual’s health. These health problems can range from something as simple as a skin rash or a throat irritation to something more serious such as a lung infection, a cardiovascular disease, or even result in asthma and other respiratory illnesses.Air Monitoring MethodsThere are two main approaches to air monitoring available to employers:Direct-Reading Instruments - These instruments are either installed at a worksite to carry out standard air emission readings at specific times for a specific place or are portable devices that can be carried by workers when they work in a specific worksite.Laboratory Analysis – As direct-reading instruments may not always give very accurate results and may be unable to detect hazardous air emissions at very low levels, laboratory analysis is used to test air quality from collected air samples.Employers can choose between two sampling methods to test the worksite atmosphere—area sampling and personal sampling.Area sampling is where a particular section or work area of the worksite is tested for air quality at pre-determined and regular intervals. This helps to ensure the selected area remains within safe limits or is free from toxicity.Personal sampling is where an individual collects air samples from the space surrounding his/her breathing zone.Either of the methods is acceptable by OSHA and the employer is expected to choose the right methods to suit the worksite and the type of work being done.Air Monitoring EquipmentOnce the air monitoring method is decided, then the employer must decide on the appropriate type of instrument to be used to measure the air ambiance in the vicinity. Today there are a plethora of air monitoring instruments, many of which are electronic detectors, available for discovering hazards in the air and determining the air quality and safety for people. These instruments fall within the category of Direct-Reading Instruments as explained above. There are three types of direct-reading instruments.Oxygen Availability Monitors (for example an oxygen meter)Combustibility Monitors (for example Combustible Gas Indicators (CGI))Toxic Atmosphere Monitors (for example Colorimetric Indicator Tubes or aerosol monitors)The choice of air monitoring equipment must be decided based on the distinct types of work, the contaminant being detected and monitories, and worksite requirements. For instance, the instrument(s) used to test air quality in a confined space would be different from the device(s) used to check and monitor air quality in a facility that deals with hazardous materials. Whatever, the instrument used, it must be efficient, reliable, easy to operate, provide accurate readings, and safe to use in rugged and hazardous areas. Furthermore, these air monitoring equipment must also conform to the calibration and regulatory requirements as set out by authorities such as OSHA, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), NIOSH, and the EPA.In fact, the EPA is dedicated to air quality research, the improvement and development of methods and techniques used for monitoring air quality, as well as research and improve the devices and other tools to measure and monitor air quality and evaluate air emissions. For more information refer to the EPA’s Air Research webpage.Occupational Exposure LimitsThere are different Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL) for different types of airborne toxins by different regulatory bodies. Some of the more common air pollutants are nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Workers employed by the general industry, mining, construction, and hazardous waste operations are exposed to more harmful airborne toxic substances such as hydrogen sulfide, formaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, naphthalene, arsenic, and other such hazardous airborne toxins while at work.These are the OELs set by different regulatory authorities:OSHA set OELs: OSHA sets Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) in terms of ceiling limits, Time-Weighted Averages (TWA), and Short-Term Exposure Limits (STEL).ACGIH set OELs: Threshold Limit Values (TLV).NIOSH set OELs: Recommended Exposure Limit (REL).Training Workers to Understand the Importance of Air MonitoringWhile many employers may set up and implement extensive air monitoring systems to safeguard workers as required by OSHA, they must also train workers to detect and monitor the air for pollutants. This is especially true for workers, known as high-risk workers, who are continuously exposed to airborne toxins and gases due to their work tasks and proximity to hazardous substances over a prolonged period. As such, OSHA has mandated training to be given to such Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) workers. We provide such training as online HAZWOPER courses, on-site instructor training classroom style, and virtual instructor-led training classes via an audio/visual platform. The OSHA 40 Hour HAZWOPER Training has an entire module with six lessons dedicated to air monitoring while the OSHA 24 Hour HAZWOPER Training has one module with five lessons dedicated to air monitoring. The OSHA 8 Hour HAZWOPER Refresher Training has dedicated five lessons to air monitoring.Employees of RCRA Permitted Treatment, Storage, and Disposal (TSD) facilities are also expected to understand air monitoring. As such, the OSHA 24 Hour TSDF Operations Online Training has four lessons dedicated to air monitoring as does the OSHA 8 Hour TSDF Operations Refresher Online Training.Employees who are exposed to Hydrogen Sulfide must also be given training on air monitoring, as should workers working in confined spaces such as underground tunnels, tanks, mining operations, water supply towers, manholes, and even aircraft wings.In ConclusionEmployers must understand that exposure to airborne contaminants deserves as much attention as exposure to other types of hazards and toxins in the workplace. Thus, air monitoring should be an essential part of worker health and safety programs and plans. Employers must gather information during initial site characterization and undertake air quality assessment. Worker training on air monitoring is equally important, especially for those who work in confined spaces, with hazardous materials, and in areas where air contamination is prevalent. Workers employed in other fields where emission monitoring, monitoring of ambient air quality, and air pollution regulations must be strictly adhered to also require adequate training in air monitoring. ReferenceOSHA ,NIOSH, USCG, & EPA. (1985). Hazardous Waste: Occupational Safety & Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities. Publication. Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/all-in-one.pdf 

What is Toxicology? Most people will relate the word toxicology to popular medical dramas and crime shows on television. Dr. Richard Weber’s case of cobalt poisoning in the season 16 finale of Grey’s Anatomy is a good example of medical toxicology. While shows such as CSI, NCIS, and Bones depend on forensic toxicology to solve their crime-scene cases. Some of us may have also heard the word used in science laboratories while in high school. But what exactly does toxicology mean? The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines toxicology as “a science that deals with poisons and their effect and with the problems involved (such as clinical, industrial, or legal problems)”. The National Institute of Environmental Sciences (NIEHS) provides a more comprehensive understanding of toxicology: Toxicology is a field of science that helps us understand the harmful effects that chemicals, substances, or situations, can have on people, animals, and the environment. Some refer to toxicology as the “Science of Safety” because as a field it has evolved from a science focused on studying poisons and adverse effects of chemical exposures, to a science devoted to studying safety. (n.d.) The above explanation ties up very well with the impact of chemical hazards and toxins in the workplace. As industries continue to use more and more chemicals, pesticides, insecticides, and other toxic substances in farming, new product developments, carrying out day-to-day business operations, and undertaking specialized processes, workers are exposed to higher concentrations of hazardous substances that can adversely affect their health and well-being. Hence, the “Science of Safety” (NIEHS, n.d.) being attributed to the study of toxicology has become extremely relevant in today’s global context. Occupational Diseases in the Workplace Toxicology is intrinsically related to occupational diseases. Many workers develop occupational diseases due to long-term exposure to chemicals, radioactive materials, and other harmful substances. Centuries ago, coal miners worked in highly dangerous conditions. They expected to catch some diseases (many which had no cure and more that they were unable to name) due to their exposure to poisonous gases and other hazardous substances while they earned a living. They were also well-aware that they could be fatally wounded or even succumb to their injuries due to a fall, a cave-in, the collapse of an underground mine shaft, or any other unknown and yet undiscovered hazard(s). These were accepted risks by personnel working in coal mines of yesteryear. While evolution and worldwide development resulted in better working conditions and the addition of safety aspects in the workplace, these early workers no doubt lacked the many safety and health guidelines enjoyed by today’s employees. After all, until 1970 workers in the United States did not have the benefit of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). While, today, the global working population benefit from the many dedicated institutions across countries and industries as well as the many international organizations that work to ensure their health and safety while at work. As such, today’s workers are better safeguarded from toxic substances in the workplace. However, progress has also brought about new occupational diseases and hazards, and exposed workers to new types of toxic gases, chemicals, and other substances that have been discovered or man-made over the years. These newly emerging toxins continue to plague workers causing new health risks and health effects even as state-of-the-art techniques are used to analyze the effect of these chemicals on human health. Concurrently, regulatory agencies continue to develop innovative safety protocols that must be ingrained as part of workplace health and safety plans. Types of Occupational Diseases While occupational health and safety has become an important and often mandatory consideration by employers, the increasing use of chemicals and toxic substances has resulted in increased health hazards and risks to workers. Thus, toxicology in the workplace continues to be an important factor in safeguarding employees from occupational diseases. Here are a few occupational disease groups that have been identified to exist in different industries and professions, many of which can occur due to the use or handling of toxic chemicals as part of job tasks. Respiratory diseases Contact dermatitis Musculoskeletal disorders Mental disorders Cardiovascular diseases Occupational cancers Key Considerations of Toxicology How people react to chemical toxin exposure and develop occupational diseases varies. Human biology while the same still differs from person to person, males to females, and adults to children. Genetics, age, and pre-existing ailments also impact how chemical toxicity is absorbed by the human body. Hence, how one worker reacts to a poisonous substance may be very different from how a second or third worker is affected. Thus, toxicologists must consider these DNA and biological differences when developing occupational exposure data and setting parameters for toxicity data. When employers embark on workplace risk-assessment to identify possible toxin contamination in work areas, exposure of workers to toxic substances and develop methodologies to safeguard workers from adverse impacts from pollutants, the following factors must be considered. The length or period of exposure to the chemical toxin; The dose (i.e. amount) of substance exposure; Pre-existing medical conditions; The metabolism of the individual; Gender, age, weight, etc.; Allergies and drug reactions; An individual’s habits (smoking, medication use, alcohol consumption nutritional intake, etc.); The method of exposure – inhalation, ingestion, injection, and absorption; and Type of exposure – direct or indirect exposure, acute exposure, chronic exposure, or accidental exposure. OSHA and Toxicology OSHA has identified the importance of toxicology in the workplace and enforces safety standards to be followed by employers. These requirements range from the number of chemicals and other hazardous substances that workers can be exposed to; toxic substance safe limits at a worksite; processes and practices that should be implemented; protective measures and equipment that must be used; the need for periodic toxicological testing and medical surveillance for workers; and the recording of workplace injuries, occupational diseases, and accidents due to the use of hazardous substances. Accordingly, OSHA has developed Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) for different air-borne toxins related to a range of occupations, industries, chemicals, and toxic substances. While stipulating Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) which are based on 8-hour time-weighted averages (TWA), OSHA also specifies Ceiling and Peak limits which must be compulsorily adhered to by employers. While many of the details are available in the applicable sections of the General Industry, Construction, Shipyard Employment, Marine Terminals, and Longshoring regulatory standards, the most up-to-date information is available as an Annotated Table. Other organizations have also established OELs that must be followed by employers in different industries where workers are exposed to various hazardous substances. For instance, NIOSH has developed Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs) for workers exposed to hydrogen sulfide and other chemicals and airborne toxins. For additional details refer to the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. How Can Workers Learn About Toxicology in the Workplace? The increased exposure to chemicals and other hazardous substances in activities such as mining, hazardous waste operations, pharmaceutical research, oil and refining, manufacturing operations, chemical production, waste treatments, etc., has resulted in a heightened focus on educating workers employed in these industries to identify, understand, and know how to protect against exposure to toxic substances and emergencies. OSHA has also identified workers involved in hazardous waste operations as being at greater risk of toxicity exposure. As such, OSHA provides extensive guidance through its Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) on the information that must be shared with and available to employees who work with or may be exposed to toxic substances. OSHA’s requirement to train workers before they start work at construction sites and other worksites exposed to hazardous substances ensures that employees will receive relevant training on toxicology. The subject of toxicology is covered in several of our training courses such as the HAZWOPER 40 Hour, the HAZWOPER 24 Hour, and the HAZWOPER 8 Hour Refresher. Aspects of toxicology related to different hazardous substances such as OSHA Asbestos Awareness Training and OSHA Hydrogen Sulfide Awareness Training are included in subject-specific training courses developed by us.     References Evans, M. A., & Ramani, R. V. (n.d.). Coal Mining. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/coal-mining Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Toxicology. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/toxicology#other-words NIEHS. (n.d.). Toxicology. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/toxicology/index.cfm