Our Safety Blogs

DOT HazMat Transportation Training Handling and transporting hazardous materials (HazMat) is quite common globally. What is not so common, and equally applied, is the precautions and regulations to be followed by people handling hazardous materials across their lifecycle and value chain. In the United States, the safety and health of employees are a top priority and are governed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Hence, employers and employees must undergo different forms and types of safety training when their occupations endanger their health and livelihood. Many workers regularly receive OSHA safety training when working with hazardous materials. Employers and safety managers stress and even mandate the need for DOT HazMat training as conditions of employment for employees involved in the transport of hazardous materials, hazardous chemicals, or other dangerous goods. What exactly is U.S. DOT HazMat training, and who is required by federal law to undergo such training? First, let us understand what DOT HazMat training is, and subsequently, let’s find out who needs it. What is DOT HazMat Training? The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) has regulated how hazardous materials can be transported across the United States, whether by highway, rail, waterways, or air. Furthermore, the DOT regulations for hazardous materials transportation also guide and direct the proper handling, packaging, marking, and placarding of hazardous materials packages and vehicles; to ensure the safety of both the people directly involved in the process, as well as the public. Unregulated transportation of hazardous materials over the years has resulted in endangering human life and harming the environment. To counteract such disasters from occurring, the U.S. DOT issued a set of hazardous materials regulations and training requirements that fall within the purview of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). This training is often referred to as DOT HazMat training, and the detailed guidelines are mandated under Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR). Who Needs DOT HazMat Training? All employers and employees involved in the handling, packaging, marking, labeling, storing, loading, unloading, and placarding of hazardous materials for transport must undergo the mandatory training as set out by the DOT guidelines. This applies across all transportation networks when utilizing vehicles, trains, airplanes, or vessels. Furthermore, people who receive and forward packages of dangerous goods and hazardous chemicals; and those who manufacture packaging for the transportation of HazMat are also required to undergo the mandated DOT HazMat training. Workers whose jobs require them to perform quality checks on materials and packaging used for the transportation of hazardous materials must also be trained per DOT guidelines. Note that the training is necessary for both workers who physically handle hazardous materials or are in proximity to such materials (such as truck drivers and their assistants), as well as immediate supervisors and managers, and those who oversee the entire transportation process of hazardous materials. Consequently, employees of shippers and carriers must also receive relevant DOT HazMat training to ensure the transportation safety of hazardous materials. When is DOT HazMat Training Required? The DOT has also recommended when HazMat training is necessary for employees engaged in the transportation of hazardous materials. Employees whose job function directly affects the safe transportation of hazardous materials must receive training within 90 days after employment, or a change in job function. DOT HazMat training is also not a one-off training. All HazMat employees involved in the hazardous materials network must receive training at least once every three years to ensure knowledge remains current and relevant. However, according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), those employees employed in the transportation of hazardous materials by air must be given recurrent training once every two years. Why the Emphasis on DOT HazMat Training? The United States transportation network facilitates the transportation of millions of people and over one million shipments of hazardous materials; daily (DOT, n.d.). This does not include the nation’s 2.8-million-mile pipeline transportation system consisting of natural gas and hazardous liquids that account for 64% of our nation’s energy commodities (DOT, n.d.). Consequently, when transporting dangerous goods and chemicals on roads, bridges, railways, and by air and water routes, the health and safety concerns of the populace remain a number one priority. Such focused efforts are justified, as many hazardous material categories are flammable, corrosive, explosive, and even poisonous, amongst many other hazards. These characteristics can lead to numerous direct and indirect health hazards to human beings, wildlife, and the environment. Furthermore, with the increasing security concerns across the globe, such consignments of hazardous materials can be appropriated for wrongful use. Thus, people responsible for driving and carrying hazardous materials on commercial motor vehicles, railways, and other vessels must understand the implications and methods to protect themselves and their dangerous cargo. Another important consideration is the accidents occurring during the transportation of hazardous materials. According to the U.S. DOT, “approximately 1,500 transportation incidents occur annually when undeclared hazardous materials are shipped.” With the possibility of this many accidents when transporting hazardous materials, consider the wide disaster radius that could lead to untold adverse consequences to people’s lives and the environment. Hence, employers and employees across the hazardous materials transportation value chain must receive relevant and recurrent training to increase safety and shipping compliance. Such continuous training will enhance the knowledge of transportation regulations and transportation security requirements, leading to higher levels of safety during the transportation of hazardous goods. The business of transporting hazardous substances also increases the risk factors for organizations and employers. Incidents occurring during the transportation of hazardous materials lead to higher business liabilities such as loss of personnel and productivity, increased insurance costs, workmen’s compensation claims, legal fees, and costs for undertaking remedial measures. Adhering to the regulations as set forth by the DOT, and receiving the DOT HazMat training, will support the health and safety of employers and employees in the workplace. Remember, nobody wins when there are casualties in the workplace. Please keep your people SAFE and never forget “SAVING LIVES MATTERS.” How and Where to Enroll for the DOT HazMat Web-Based Training? HAZWOPER OSHA Training has developed comprehensive training programs for transporters and shippers of hazardous materials to more easily understand and comply with the DOT’s Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR). Our HazMat online safety training covers: General awareness of the transportation of hazardous goods; Understanding the requirements of and interpreting the Hazardous Materials Table (HMT); Insight on the preparation of shipping papers; The requirements for suitably labeling, marking, and packaging hazardous materials packages; How to appropriately placard vehicles transporting hazardous materials; Understanding the carrier requirements for different modes of transportation when transporting hazardous materials via highway, rail, air, and water; Understanding of the inherent threats and security requirements when transporting hazardous materials; and Function-specific training when transporting hazardous materials by air, water, and land. Our DOT HazMat Transportation: Advance General Awareness Training course will enable employers to safeguard their employees from harm while implementing relevant precautionary measures during the transportation and transfer of hazardous materials. Click here to see our entire DOT HAZMAT Transportation training series. Don’t hesitate to ensure the safety of your organization and employees. Enroll in the DOT HazMat online training today!   Reference U.S. Department of Transportation. (n.d.). Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). Website. https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/

OSHA Investigates Death due to Fall Arrest System FailureOn June 16, 2021, OSHA’s investigation of the death of a 21-year-old laborer due to falling 50 feet while erecting scaffolding at a Brooklyn building project resulted in OSHA proposing a fine of $300,370 for two willful and two serious safety violations. The incident which took place in November 2020 was investigated by OSHA. The resulting decision found that the death of the young laborer was due to the fall arrest harness of the worker not being tethered as per regulatory requirements during the building construction. It is a widely known fact that falls account for a large number of worker injuries and deaths annually in the United States. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS); falls, trips and slips caused 880 worker fatalities in 2019, while 711 of these fatalities were due to workers falling to lower levels (2019).OSHA concluded that the 21-year-old laborer, who fell nearly 50 feet as he installed a supported tubular welded frame scaffold during construction of a seven-story Brooklyn building was due to the failure of Everest Scaffolding Inc., to safeguard the laborer by making sure that his fall arrest harness was attached as per OSHA requirements.OSHA cited the company with the following four violations:Failure to evaluate the feasibility of using fall protection and failure to use feasible fall protection during the erection of a supported scaffold.Not providing adequate training to employees on fall hazards associated with scaffold work.Failure to inspect fall arrest systems before use.Not properly determining if the anchorage for employees' personal fall arrest systems could support at least 5,000 pounds.View the citations for more details.Importance of TrainingAccording to OSHA Area Director Kay Gee in Manhattan, “This tragedy could have been prevented if Everest Scaffolding had provided appropriate training on fall hazards and ensured workers were using fall protection correctly” (OSHA, 2021, para 3).This sad death of such a young worker brings to light the importance of training workers when they work at heights and on scaffolding. Thus, employers should proactively train workers on fall protection and ensure they are aware of the safety and health requirements when they work on scaffolding.Call to Action!We offer both OSHA Competent Person for Fall Protection Training and OSHA Scaffolding Safety Training for the construction industry. Get your employees enrolled, trained, and certified without further delay!  For more information about New York State specific OSHA Regulation refer to OSHA Regulations for the State of New York.References:BLS. (2019). Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) – Current. Industry by event or exposure. Website. https://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoi1.htmOSHA. (2021). News Release - Region 2. OSHA cites Bronx contractor after 21-year-old laborer erecting scaffolding suffers deadly fall at Brooklyn building project. Website. https://www.osha.gov/news/newsreleases/region2/06162021

Safe Working Practices: Excavation & Trenching Let’s Watch a Video First! Construction industry workers are highly exposed to various types of risks when their work requires them to work in open trenches and/or undertake excavation-related work. In fact, OSHA has records of 28 incidents where workers were killed or injured due to trench or excavation collapses, or other equipment-related injuries when working at such sites in the year 2020 alone (OSHA, 2020)! Furthermore, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports 95 fatalities in 2019 due to workers falling through a surface or existing opening. These statistics together with BLS’s data on the construction industry having the largest number of fatalities in 2019 bring to the forefront the need to ensure worker safety (BLS, 2019b). To raise awareness of the inherent dangers when working in trenches, the National Utility Contractors Association with the support of OSHA and in collaboration with other concerned partners annually holds a Trench Safety Stand Down Week to coincide with the Trench Safety Month of June. The goal of this event is to increase awareness of the trenching and excavation hazards and to provide a forum where employers can directly speak to employees and spread the information relevant to improving processes and procedures related to safety when performing construction work in trenches or excavations. With cave-ins and collapses being the most common hazard encountered when working in trenches, a reliable way to prevent such disasters resulting in workers' engulfment in sand and rock and other types of injuries is to use the most appropriate type of excavation and trenching protective systems. OSHA recommends several types of trenching protective systems, including benching, shoring, sloping, and shielding. Recommendations such as clear and safe entry and exit points, storing of equipment and other tools at appropriate distances from the trench openings, and the correct use of heavy equipment and tools in and around the excavation and trenching sites are also given by OSHA. Our blog on Excavation and Trenching – Hazards and Safeguards will give more guidance on these areas. However, for the best results and increased measures of safeguard, employers should ensure workers expected to work in trenches and excavations, or those digging up these excavations and trenches are given adequate training according to OSHA’s excavations regulations specified in 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P. Another important requirement for trenches and excavations by OSHA is the need for a competent person to inspect the trenching or excavation sites every day; before work begins. They must inspect for hazards and ensure the stability of the trench or the excavation site including the protective system being used. Competent persons are also responsible for examining and classifying the soil types, guiding and directing on the correct methods to excavate trenches, recommending the use of the right type of protective systems, designing ramps for worker access or egress (entry and exit points), and monitoring use of the equipment at these sites as well as water removal equipment. Enroll in our OSHA-compliant online training course for the Competent Person for Excavation, Trenching, and Shoring to get information and get yourself the relevant book knowledge before obtaining the on-site and on-the-job training. Safeguard Workers from Falling Hazards Here are some numbers which employers must be remembered to ensure compliance with the OSHA excavation standard and to protect the safety and health of their employees. Distance Adopt these Best Practices as Recommended by OSHA 2 feet(0.61 meters) To safeguard workers from hazards of falling excavated soil, materials, tools, or equipment inside the excavation or trench, keep these at least 2 feet from the edge. 4 feet(1.22 meters) Provide ladders, steps, ramps, or other safe means of egress when the trench or excavation reaches 4 feet or deeper. Also note, when an excavation or trench reaches a depth of 4 feet and more, test the atmosphere for low oxygen levels, poisonous gases, and toxic fumes before worker entry when it is reasonably expected by a competent person. 5 feet(1.52 meters) According to the OSHA excavation standard, a trench or excavation that is less than 5 feet in depth and has been inspected and cleared by a competent person as having no risk of a cove-in requires no protective system. However, trenches and excavations 5 feet or deeper must be fitted with an appropriate protective system. Also note, if the excavation is made entirely in stable rock there is no need for a protective system. 20 feet(6.1 meters) A protective system must be designed or approved by a registered professional engineer when excavation or trench reaches and exceed 20 feet in depth. 25 feet(7.62 meters) And remember, that any egress provided must not exceed 25 feet laterally within the trench or excavation to ensure workers are protected always. (OSHA, 2015) Essential Trenching and Excavation Safety Guidelines for Workers Maintain Safe Distances Around Trenches: Keep heavy equipment, excavated soil, and spoils at least 2 feet (0.6 meters) from trench edges to help prevent trench collapses and maintain stability. Identify Trench Hazards and Potential Risks: Evaluate potential trench hazards that can impact stability, including nearby structures, soil conditions, and underground utilities. Always locate and mark utilities before trenching to avoid damaging buried infrastructure. Test for Hazardous Atmospheres in Deep Trenches: When trenches exceed 4 feet in depth, test the atmosphere for hazards like low oxygen, toxic gases, and hazardous fumes to ensure safe conditions for workers. Ensure Safe Entry and Exit Points: Provide clear, accessible entry and exit points for safe trench access, reducing the risk of injury when workers enter and exit. Conduct Regular Trench Inspections: Inspect trenches daily at the start of each shift, after any rain or water intrusion, and following events that may affect trench stability. Avoid Working Under Suspended Loads: Never work beneath raised or suspended loads to reduce the risk of accidents from falling objects in the trench area. Control Standing Water and Trench Hazards: Before entering a trench, check for standing water and other potential hazards, especially after rain. Keep Trench Edges Clear of Materials: Position soil, rocks, tools, and other materials at least 2 feet from the trench edge to prevent falls or collapses and keep workspaces clear. Use Proper Trench Protective Systems: For deep trenches or those with unstable soil, use protective trenching systems, such as trench boxes or shoring, to protect workers and ensure a safe environment. Wear High-Visibility Safety Clothing: Workers exposed to traffic near trenches should wear high-visibility clothing or other appropriate safety gear. Daily Safety Inspections by Competent Person: A competent person must inspect and clear the trench for safety daily before work begins, ensuring compliance with trench safety standards. Implementing these comprehensive trenching and excavation safety guidelines helps companies maintain a safe, compliant work environment, significantly reducing risks to trench workers on-site. (OSHA, 2019a, 2019b)   References: BLS. (2019a). Economic News Release. Table 2: Fatal occupational injuries for selected events or exposures, 2015-19. Website. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.t02.htm BLS. (2019b). Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) – Current. Number and rate of fatal work injuries, by industry sector. Website. https://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoi1.htm OSHA. (2015). Trenching and Excavation Safety. Publication. Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/osha2226.pdf OSHA. (2019a). Trenching Safety: 5 Things You Should Know to Stay Safe. Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA3974.pdf OSHA. (2019b). Keep Trenches Safe for Workers. Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA3971.pdf OSHA. (2020). Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries. Accident search results. Website. https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/accidentsearch.search?sic=&sicgroup=&naics=&acc_description=&acc_abstract=&acc_keyword=%22Excavation%22&inspnr=&fatal=&officetype=&office=&startmonth=&startday=&startyear=&endmonth=&endday=&endyear=&keyword_list=on&p_start=&p_finish=0&p_sort=&p_desc=DESC&p_direction=Next&p_show=20

Prioritizing Workplace Safety Workplace safety is a predominant concern for employers and employees alike. Today, thousands of accidents, injuries, and fatalities occur across industries and occupations despite the increasing precautions taken and advanced measures implemented to reduce prevailing hazards in the workplace. Many of these materialize because workers are not adequately trained or are unaware of the inherent dangers. Some workplaces (example: construction industry, hazardous waste operations, chemical manufacturing, mining, oil refining, etc.) are also more accident-prone due to the nature and type of work being carried out and/or the kinds of materials being used to complete the job tasks. Workers employed in such workplaces where exposure to hazards is higher are more at risk than those who work in offices. Thus, putting in place rules and regulations to prioritize and implement workplace safety and health across industries is undertaken by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration popularly called OSHA. OSHA sets standards such as HAZWOPER, and monitors industry and employer implementation of safety and health at the workplace. OSHA also enables and prioritizes employees’ complaints and reporting regarding employers or workplace incidents as well as suspected lapses in workplace safety and health plans and processes. Workplace safety is so important, that over the years, industry associations have begun to dedicate months and days to highlighting the importance of safeguarding workers. In fact, June has been declared not only the National Safety Month by the National Safety Council but also Trench Safety Month by the National Utility Contractors Association (NUCA). This shows that safety is and always will be a priority across industries and employers. How to Prioritize Safety in the Workplace? Ensuring they are following the OSHA standards and other industry regulations is the first step that any employer should do. There is also insurance, safety training, and safety systems and processes. However, while safety is such a grave concern, it is often considered a boring subject! One would think that people would be more enthusiastic to learn more about good health and safety practices as it concerns an individual’s quality and length of life! But unfortunately, this has proven not to be the case time and again. While awareness has increased in the last decade or more mainly due to new forms of communication and the explosion of social media, there is still more to be done. So, while the proverb ‘prevention is better than the cure’ is cited often, there is still more to do before we can see it being wholly embraced and fully practiced! Therefore, this conundrum of safety first and always is something that employers and employees will continue to face in the foreseeable future. So, what can be done to increase safety and health awareness, make it more interesting, and ultimately a priority at the workplace? Participate, Engage, and Involve — this is the answer. Companies already have in place systems and processes to make safety more interesting. Much of this is connected with safety training and how it is conducted using modern communication and teaching tools to make training interactive. Aside from this, employers also provide on-the-job safety training, drills, and more recently virtual training opportunities. In addition, there are also many safety days and safety months dedicated to the cause of employee occupational safety and health. Commemorating safety and health days can be used to highlight various safety and health topics and all related information. As this will be viewed as a celebration, the shared knowledge, and the safety topic itself would remain in people’s long-term memories. And, more importantly, these days recur annually and can be used to advantage by any employer, big or small! How to Implement Participate, Engage, and Involve Activities? Employee engagement is a hot topic today. It refers to how enthusiastic employees are when it comes to their jobs and workplace. It also considers employee commitment to the employer and the added effort expended for their organization and work tasks. Utilize the concept of employee engagement to increase safety awareness in the workplace. Most employees, especially when working in dangerous jobs and using hazardous substances are already trained as required by OSHA. So, use their knowledge and know-how to increase enthusiasm for practicing safety in the workplace. Also, arrange for your employees to share some of their knowledge with other employees in your organization who are not required to undergo OSHA-compliant training. This will increase the self-worth of individuals while also getting them to participate and engage with creating a safety culture at your workplace. Another aspect would be to use months like June (the National Safety Month) to cascade the importance of safety across employees and other stakeholder groups. Commemorating special dates is synonymous with people wanting to do something special and different. So, go ahead and use this ingrained human belief to prioritize safety at work. Some ideas to consider: Arrange a fun quiz for employees to compete against one another regarding their safety knowledge. If sharing safety dos and don’ts with customers or suppliers, get your employees to put together this information and credit them for their work. Arrange for first-aid or emergency drills to be conducted for the community surrounding your business operations and get your employees to guide and participate in such events. This will also build goodwill amongst all. Get employees' families involved in some type of safety workshop or event. After all, when employees are injured at work it is their families that are impacted the most. Encourage employees to volunteer for programs on safety and health or even in emergencies in the neighborhood if they have the relevant and appropriate training to help in such situations. This will give a broader perspective on the training they undergo as they will feel they it is for the greater good of the people. Such events will bring to the forefront the reasons for employers and OSHA to harp on safety regulations, plans, systems, and processes. Why authorities and employers reiterate learning and knowing about existing risks, hazards, and other safety and health-related issues in the type of work being done and the type of material being used. Such activities will also have a wider audience, making more people aware of the need for safety in the workplace. Activities and initiatives that revolve around the concept of ‘participate, engage, and involve’ have limitless possibilities and can combine different stakeholder groups including your employees. So, utilize every possible measure and prioritize safety at the workplace, always!   References: Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) (2017). Developing and Sustaining Employee Engagement. Website https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/toolkits/pages/sustainingemployeeengagement.aspx Custom Insight (n.d.). What is Employee Engagement? Website. https://www.custominsight.com/employee-engagement-survey/what-is-employee-engagement.asp

Protecting Workers from Heat StressWhat is Heat Stress?You would have heard people discussing ‘heat stress’ now that summer is here. But what exactly is heat stress and why do people keep on talking about it?Let me first explain what heat stress is. Heat stress refers to the condition where the human body absorbs the heat from a hot environment, collects it to excessive levels, and then cannot get rid of the excess heat. When this occurs, the core body temperature and the heart rate drastically increase resulting in the person feeling extremely hot and losing focus on what he/she is doing. As the heat stress levels increase, the person can become irritable, lose the desire to drink, feels very tired, and becomes ill. If nothing is done to cool the body, and the person continues to suffer from heat stress then he/she may faint or even die.This shows that heat stress is a very critical condition for a person to suffer from. Often, it is people involved in heavy labor, who work under the hot sun, or those who work in hot temperatures that suffer from heat stress. Construction workers are commonly exposed to heat stress, especially when working in hot climates and during summers.What Factors Contribute to Heat Stress?Several factors contribute to heat stress, these include high air temperatures, high levels of humidity, direct exposure to the sun when working in open-to-sky works places, direct exposure to heat sources such as working in proximity to open fires, exposure to hot workplaces, workspaces with no ventilation or breeze, physical contact with hot objects, and arduous physical activities. Furthermore, workers who do jobs that require them to wear heavy clothing, waterproof clothes, and even personal protective clothing such as hazmat suits may succumb to heat illnesses.Who is Prone to Experience Heat Stress?Anyone can experience heat stress and related heat illnesses. However, according to the CDC, workers who are overweight, over the age of 65 years, diagnosed with high blood pressure or heart disease, or take prescription drugs that may have a negative impact from extreme heat are those at greater risk. In addition, workers undertaking the following work tasks such as welding, soldering, mining, farming, and firefighting; and those employed in construction work, working in confined spaces, and heat-generating manufacturing operations are also at greater risk.These workers must, therefore, be trained and given an adequate understanding of the dangers of heat stress and related heat illnesses as well as the causes and how to minimize their exposure. In case of contracting heat stress, workers must also be given training and guidance on immediate measures to offset heat stress and first aid that must be administered. HAZWOPER workers are given special training on managing exposure to heat stress and this is included as part of the initial OSHA HAZWOPER 40 Hour Training given to them.Types of Heat-Related IllnessesLet’s now briefly touch on the types of illnesses caused by heat stress.Heat StrokeThis is the most serious of all the illnesses that be contracted due to heat stress. When the body temperature rises rapidly and is unable to cool down then heatstroke can occur. As the body temperature can rise to 106 °F or higher within 10 to 15 minutes, heatstroke can have highly adverse effects on worker’s health resulting in permanent disability or, in the worst-case scenario, death.Heat ExhaustionThis is another type of illness, although it has less severe symptoms and consequences to good health. Heat exhaustion occurs when the human body is subject to an excessive loss of salt and water. This usually happens when a person sweats excessively and does not replace the lost fluids. While older workers and those with high blood pressure are at greater risk, any workers working in hot and humid temperatures may suffer from this illness. Construction workers are a good example.RhabdomyolysisThis is a serious medical condition linked to heat stress when workers are exposed to extended periods of physical labor. Rhabdomyolysis (also known as Rhabdo) occurs when electrolytes and proteins from damaged muscles are released into the bloodstream causing kidney and heart damage leading to other serious illnesses, permanent disability, and sometimes death.Sudden Fainting Spells and DizzinessExcessive exposure to heat can result in workers experiencing dizziness or fainting spells while they are standing for long periods or suddenly stand up. This can occur due to not having adjusted to the high temperatures, excessive heat in the work area, or dehydration. Often referred to as Heat Syncope it is a less serious form of heat illness and occurs when the blood flow to the brain is temporarily reduced due to exposure to very high temperatures.Heat CrampsPerspiration is a very common occurrence when working in hot conditions. So, workers in occupations ranging from construction to roadworks and those working in factories and small spaces in office complexes can suffer from excessive sweating. Such workers would be at risk to heat cramps as they would have lost a loss of water and salt due to sweating resulting in their muscles cramping because of the fall in sodium level in the body. Point to note, heat cramps are also a symptom of heat exhaustion.Heat RashAnother mild and curable, although very irritating sickness from heat stress is the forming of rashes on the skin, especially in areas such as the inner side of the elbow or behind the knees. Rashes are developed due to sweating and humid climate conditions resulting in blocked sweat ducts trapping the perspiration under the skin.For more details on symptoms and first-aid measures, check out the NIOSH website on heat-related illnesses.How Should Employers Protect Workers from Heat Stress?To safeguard employees from heat stress, employers should have in place a comprehensive and effective heat illness prevention program. In addition, training workers on the hazard related to heat stress and the related repercussions of heat illnesses should be given. This is especially critical when workers work in hot weather, are expected to work directly under the sun, or in workspaces that are hot and humid. Employers should also ensure that workers:are given adequate rest periods,are provided with sheltered and/or cool resting places,have easy access to cool drinking water,are given rotating work schedules or have modified working hours with adequate breaks for rest and drinking water,are encouraged to self-monitor against heat stress or have a system where workers keep tabs on colleagues, andare given use of protective clothing that provides cooling.It is also important to have a supervisor or a designated health and safety manager periodically monitoring workers' health and exposure levels to heat, as well as work conditions.In cases where workers are unused to the heat, they must be given time to acclimatize themselves before undertaking the full workload. In such instances, employers can gradually increase workloads and also provide these workers with more frequent and longer rest periods.And finally, assign a supervisor or a health and safety officer (basically a person with authority and responsibility) to check on workers’ health and exposure to the heat as well as monitor the conditions of work at the construction or other worksite.How Should Workers Protect Themselves?As important as it is for employers to offer adequate protection against heat stress, workers must also make sure to take care of themselves. So, employees must adhere to the following.Comprehend the signs and symptoms of heat stress.Ensure drinking enough water. Drinking water every 15 minutes and before you are thirsty is the expert’s recommendation. Monitor this with an alarm if it makes it easier!Try to work under a shade and avoid working directly under the sun.Monitor yourself and also keep an eye on your co-worker.Caffeinated drinks should be avoided, as should alcoholic beverages.Wear clothing that is loose-fitting, light-colored, and lightweight. If you must wear personal protective clothing, take breaks in a cool area, and ask your employer for types that are conducive to be used in hot conditions. References:Office Research Units, University of Iowa. (n.d.). Heat stress. Website. https://ehs.research.uiowa.edu/occupational/heat-stressOSHA. (2017). Protecting workers from heat stress. OSHA Quick Card. Website. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/osha3154.pdf

Decontamination: The Role Played in Safeguarding Worker Health and SafetyWhat is Decontamination?The removal or neutralization process of contaminants that have amassed on personal protective equipment (PPC), chemical protective clothing (CPC), and other tools and equipment used in hazardous waste sites or when working with hazardous substances is defined as decontamination.Why is Decontamination Important?Decontamination is commonly used to protect workers from the permeation of various hazardous materials and chemicals through protective clothing and respiratory equipment to their bodies. When workers undergo a decontamination process, it minimizes the transfer of contaminants into clean areas, non-contaminated surfaces, and people who have not been otherwise exposed to these harmful substances. The unrestrained transmission of poisonous and harmful materials to the community and the environment is also prevented when decontamination takes place. Decontamination also prevents the accidental mixing of incompatible chemicals further safeguarding the health of workers.Who is Eligible to Undergo the Decontamination Process?Any worker who is exposed to, or works with, hazardous materials and chemicals must undergo a decontamination process when they leave the contamination zone.What is a Decontamination Plan?The employer must have in place a Decontamination Plan before work begins at a hazardous worksite. This Decontamination Plan details all the elements as recommended by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to safeguard the health and safety of workers working at hazardous worksites. The Decontamination Plan will help employers to identify the hazards at the worksite, evaluate methods to prevent worker exposure to hazards, formalize procedures to prevent contamination of clean areas, understand the number and positioning of decontamination stations that will be required, and determine the best way to dispose of contaminated PPE and other equipment, among other aspects.Thus, the Decontamination Plan helps employers to design and execute a decontamination facility that will adequately address the needs of the decontamination process by considering the types of contamination, the factors affecting permeation of contaminants in PPE and respirators, as well as ensuring adequate and proper supplies for decontamination are always available.As with all occupational-related safety and health aspects, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates the process of decontamination on a worksite under the HAZWOPER regulation in 29 CFR 1910.120.Remember, the Decontamination Plan must be reviewed and revised periodically as well as when there are changes to hazards at the worksite, PPE, or equipment used to change, or when new information becomes available.What are the Types of Decontamination Methods?Effectively there are two main types of decontamination methods, the third is the combination of both. These are:Physical decontaminationChemical decontaminationPhysical and chemical decontaminationPhysical DecontaminationWhen decontamination takes place using methods such as scraping, brushing, rinsing, wiping, or any other means of displacement, this is referred to as the physical decontamination process. This type of decontamination method is normally the first to be used and is often done using water or heat. It is commonly used when hazardous substances in the form of dust or vapor are loosely stuck to and when glues, resins, and cement have adhered to PPE, tools, or equipment. As physical decontamination also includes ‘evaporation’, volatile liquids such as gasoline and ethanol can also be removed using this method of decontamination.Chemical DecontaminationChemical decontamination involves neutralizing a contaminant using a compatible chemical solution. This involves dissolving, solidifying, rinsing, sterilizing, or disinfecting the contaminant from the contaminated surface, equipment, tool, or protective clothing to which it is attached. Solvents, surfactants such as household detergents and soaps, and other chemical cleaning and disinfecting solutions are used in the chemical decontamination process. The chemical decontamination process is hence often a wash/rinse process.Combined Decontamination ProcessThere are instances when physical decontamination is inadequate, in this case, chemical decontamination must be done as well to ensure the complete removal of all contaminants from a worker’s PPE, and other equipment used at the hazardous worksite.Where Can You Learn More About Decontamination?This article gives an overview for employers and employees to understand the importance of decontamination in safeguarding the health of workers in an occupational setting, especially in hazardous worksites. To learn more and gain an in-depth understanding, enroll today in our OSHA 40-Hour HAZWOPER Training course. If you are already certified, then you can refresh your training with our OSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER Refresher Training course. All our courses are updated regularly and use modern teaching methods to make training effective.

What is HAZWOPER and What is its Purpose? Many people have heard of HAZWOPER, and others are excessively familiar with the term as they use it all the time. HAZWOPER is the acronym used for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Rescue. It is a set of rules and regulations which have been developed and implemented by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) under legislation enacted by congress to safeguard the health of workers working in and exposed to hazardous substances in their workplace. So, what exactly is HAZWOPER all about, what does it mean for employees, and what is its exact purpose? Let us help you unravel all that is HAZWOPER and better understand its background and purpose. HAZWOPER Definition Let us start with the definition. HAZWOPER is the short form used for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Rescue. Through the HAZWOPER standards, OSHA regulates all hazardous waste operations and emergency services in the United States and its territories. The idea behind the HAZWOPER standard is to regulate the operations and activities of workers employed by hazardous waste operators and emergency rescue service organizations. Thus, the HAZWOPER standards enable workers to adopt proper and appropriate procedures to safely handle, store, transport, cleanup, and dispose of hazardous materials that they may work with as part of their job responsibilities. Development of the HAZWOPER Standard OSHA was formed under the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act after President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1970. The predominant purpose of OSHA was to propagate and administer health and safety guidelines and standards to protect employees while at work. To fulfill this purpose and to address the need to safeguard workers employed in various industries, as well as worker exposure to countless hazards in the workplace, OSHA segregated its regulatory standards into four broad categories. These are: General Industry – covered under 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910); Construction Industry – covered under 29 CFR 1926; Maritime Industry (shipyards, marine terminals, longshoring) – covered under 29 CFR 1915 to 1919); and Agriculture Industry – covered under 29 CFR 1928. As time went by, OSHA continued to develop and implement standards to meet the needs under the OSH Act and to fulfill its organizational directives. Then, in 1986, when President Reagan signed into law the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA), OSHA was required to develop, implement, and monitor regulations aimed at protecting employees engaged in Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). This brought about the development of the HAZWOPER standard. SARA also was relevant to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and congress required the EPA to develop regulations aligned to the OSHA HAZWOPER standard. Thus, where there is no state-approved OSHA Plan, employers are required to follow the EPA HAZWOPER regulations to protect their workers from injury and illness prevalent due to hazardous material usage in the workplace. Today, OSHA has several regulatory standards dedicated to different work aspects and associated hazard exposures that workers may possibly encounter while fulfilling their job tasks. In instances where hazards are present in the workplace, but no specific regulatory standard addresses these hazards, OSHA advocated following the General Duty Clause. The HAZWOPER Standards OSHA’s initial proposed HAZWOPER standard was introduced in 1987 and covered under 52 Federal Register (FR) 29620. The final HAZWOPER standard was published in 1989 under 54 FR 9294-9336. OSHA’s HAZWOPER standard became effective on March 6, 1990, covered under 29 CFR 1926.65 and 29 CFR 1910.120 for the construction and general industry categories, respectively. It is worth noting that both standards are identical and aim to effectively protect workers when handling hazardous substances. Organizations/Employers Covered by the HAZWOPER Standard According to the section on the HAZWOPER standard on the OSHA website, the HAZWOPER standard covers employers performing the following general categories of work operations: Hazardous waste site cleanup operations; Operations involving hazardous waste conducted at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities; and Emergency response operations involving hazardous substance releases. (OSHA, n.d). Key Elements of the HAZWOPER Standard The HAZWOPER standard uses distinct and specific language to specify its requirements that employers are required to strictly adhere to. The following are the key elements that form the HAZWOPER standard: Site Analysis – to be performed to ascertain the existence and scope of any hazards at a worksite. Medical Surveillance – employees must be given both pre-employment and post-employment medical evaluations. Employees working in the longer term with hazardous materials must also be sent for medical evaluation at periodic intervals. This is especially important when workers are required to wear respirators to protect against toxins and other air contaminants at the worksite. Implementation of the Hierarchy of Controls – Elimination, Substitution, Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls, Work Practice Controls, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Air Monitoring – both area and personal air monitoring to be done before work begins, while work is ongoing, and during and after cleanup of a hazardous waste site. Decontamination Procedures – decontamination procedures are to be strictly followed when workers wear PPE to carry out work tasks at the worksite. Emergency Response Plans – employers must have an emergency response plan in place and ensure workers are aware of the relevant information so that they can act accordingly in case of an emergency. Informational Programs for employees – such as regular meetings and access to hazard-related documents such as safety data sheets (SDSs), health and safety plans, etc. Training to be given to Employees. HAZWOPER Training Requirements Training employees is a critical element of the HAZWOPER standard. The standard has set different training levels for employees involved in various occupations at hazardous waste sites and for different exposure levels. In total, OSHA has developed 18 training programs and segregated these HAZWOPER training programs into three main levels. The employee training covers both onsite and online training. Section (E) Training covers training for general site workers engaged in operations conducted at hazardous waste sites that may or may not expose them to hazardous substances. Section (P) Training covers training for workers engaged in certain hazardous waste operations conducted under the RCRA and at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities. Section (Q) Training covers training for workers engaged in emergency response operations for release of, or substantial threat of release of, hazardous substances without regard to the location of the hazard. For more details on the HAZWOPER training requirements, read our blog titled HAZMAT and HAZWOPER: What is the Difference? Who Needs HAZWOPER Training? Any employee working with hazardous substances, whether on a permanent or temporary basis, and engaged in work operations where they handle, store, treat, or dispose of hazardous materials should be given HAZWOPER training. Workers who may be exposed to, or potentially exposed to,  hazardous substances should also be given adequate training by employers. Workers exposed to contaminated substances at hazardous waste sites that exceed the Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) and wear the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) must also be provided with HAWOPER training. For more details refer to the HAZWOPER standard on training. Training Offered by HAZWOPER-OSHA for Workers to Become HAZWOPER Certified The following training courses are offered by us: Section (e) training programs - the OSHA 40-Hour HAZWOPER initial training, the OSHA 24-Hour HAZWOPER initial training, and the OSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER refresher training. We also offer both Section (p) training courses - the OSHA 24-Hour HAZWOPER – RCRA TSD Operations Training and the OSHA 8-Hour HAZWOPER Annual Refresher – RCRA TSD Operations Training. Enroll in the HAZWOPER Section (e) or HAZWOPER Section (p) training courses today to safeguard your employees while on the worksite. Choose the training course that most suits your training needs. We offer this training in three formats - online training, in-person on-site group training, and virtual instructor-led training (ILT). Reference: OSHA. (n.d). Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). Background. Website. https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/hazardous-waste-operations

Effective Respiratory Protection: How to Choose a Suitable Respirator For those familiar with the Hierarchy of Controls developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to determine the most effective control measures to be adopted in the workplace, you will also realize that respirator protection falls within the purview of personal protective equipment (PPE). However, while PPE may be considered as the last level for the protection of the health and safety of workers, respirators and other types of PPE are still widely used across industries to safeguard the health of workers working with hazardous substances. Furthermore, according to OSHA, any employer (workplace) requiring employees to use respirators for protection from fumes, dusts, gases, smoke, low oxygen levels, etc., must comply with OSHA’s Respiratory Protection Standard 29 CFR 1910.134. Today, the COVID-19 pandemic has made respiratory protection still more widespread. Now, not only do workers across industries exposed to hazardous materials, dangerous chemicals, and other non-conducive safe breathing environments require respiratory protection, but so do the public who have never once considered wearing a facemask before the year 2020. In fact, the general awareness of respiratory protection has considerably increased in this pandemic year, and with it, the utter chaos and confusion as to the types of facemask and/or respirators to use for optimal protection. So, how do we choose the “right” type of respirator dependent on factors such as personal health levels, occupations, and exposure to hazardous atmospheres? Read on and learn more. Choosing the Right Type of Facemask to Protect Against COVID-19 Fabric Masks Surgical/Medical Masks N95 Masks or Filtering Facepiece (FFP) Made of cotton or synthetic fabric, maybe one, two, or three layers. Made of three layers of synthetic nonwoven materials with filtration layers sandwiched in the middle. Uses an electrostatic filter to capture particles, including viruses. Some N95-masks have valves. Degree of Protection Protects others from the wearer's respiratory emissions and offers the wearer some protection. Protects others from the wearer's respiratory emissions and offers the wearer some protection. Protects others from respiratory emissions and reduces wearer's exposure to particles. Effectiveness Ranges between 26% to 80% depending on the type of fabric used and the number of layers. Greater protection than fabric masks but lower protection than an N95 mask or equivalent. The N95 mask is 95% effective in blocking both small and large particles. Breathability If made of cotton fabric breathing would not be a problem, but a synthetic fabric may cause difficulty and feel hot. Breathable Would require some practice and getting used to. Breathing may be difficult. Area Covered Nose and Mouth Nose and Mouth Nose and Mouth Fit Can be either tight-fitting or loose-fitting Loose-fitting Tight-fitting, creates a seal Reusability Washable and reusable Single-use Single-use or reusable (depends on the type being used) WHO Recommendation A three-layer structure For healthcare workers, people with Covid-19 symptoms, those coming into contact with them, anyone aged 60 or over, or vulnerable individuals. For healthcare workers taking part in high-risk, aerosol-generating procedures. (Source: LaMotte, 2021) The above table should act as guidance for anyone who wants to protect themselves against the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. Types of Respirators Available to Protect Workers from Hazardous Atmospheres and Environments in the Workplace For employees who must work in areas that have hazardous atmospheres or are at risk of exposure to airborne contaminants from chemicals, radioactive materials, or biological substances, require a higher level of respiratory protection according to OSHA. As such, employers are required to develop a comprehensive Respiratory Protection Program, provide workers with the right fit respirator, and train them on the correct use of these respirators. Below are the two main types of respirators available for use by such workers. Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs) These types of respirators filter the air that is breathed in from the environment. APRs are further categorized as below: Type of Respirators Description Particulate-Removing APRs They use particulate filters to remove dusts, fumes, mists, toxic dusts,  asbestos-containing fibers, or a combination of these from the air being breathed by workers. NIOSH has given 10 different classifications for particulate filters, with each designed for a specific type of airborne contaminant at a particular efficiency rating. Gas and Vapor Removing APRs These are designed with canisters and cartridges that trap the gas and vapors from a hazardous environment before they can enter the workers’ respiratory tract. Different types of canisters and cartridges are used to trap different types of gases and vapors. Combination Cartridge/Filter APRs These types of respirators protect against both particulates as well as gases and vapors. Based on the types of hazards in the atmosphere, different combinations of particulate and gas/vapor cartridges have to be used. Air-Supplying Respirators (ASRs) These types of respirators pump fresh air into the facepiece that is not inhaled from the outside. This means that these respirators have an attached oxygen tank from which air is breathed. ASRs are further categorized as: Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)The SCBA is the most popular type of air-supplying respirators. The SCBA contains a full-piece facemask and a canister that holds the oxygen from which the wearer of the SCBA unit gets his/her breathing air. The canisters are worn on the back. The SCBA equipment can be very heavy, sometimes around 30 pounds, and it requires special training to use. Type of Respirators Description Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs) SARs, also known as airline respirators, receives air from a connecting hose and a distant cylinder or air compressor. So, workers do not have to carry their air on their backs. Besides, respirators can also be classified as tight or loose-fitting, positive or negative pressure, demand or pressure-demand airflow, entry and escape vs. escape only, and open or closed-circuit respirators. Online Training for Workers For those of you who are employed in hazardous waste operations or in industries where the risk of atmospheric contamination or exposure to chemicals is high, information on respiratory protection is part of the training given in the relevant OSHA-compliant online training programs. So, review our course list and enroll in the training that best suits you. However, our OSHA 40-Hour HAZWOPER Training course provides in-depth information on respiratory protection for those who are employed in hazardous waste operations and emergency response!  Reference: LaMotte. S. (2021, January 26). COVID-19 masks: Which mask is best for you, and when to use it? CNN. Website. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/25/health/covid-19-masks-which-is-best-wellness/index.html

Confined Space Protective Measures Many construction industry workers find themselves working in small spaces with limited ventilation and access. These areas are known as confined spaces, examples of which include manholes, silos, pipelines, columns, and crawl spaces. Work tasks carried out in a confined space can range from building these to structures to undertaking routine tasks such as cleaning, welding, repairing, and inspecting. As confined space environs can be hazardous to employees, they must be trained to understand the inherent hazards of working in confined spaces and be armed with the knowledge required to protect themselves when working in any space which meets the definition of a confined space. To support the occupational health and safety of employees, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has developed a confined space standard that should be followed by construction industry workers whose job tasks necessitate their regular entry into confined spaces. Furthermore, employers are also responsible for ensuring that workers are provided with the necessary training, tools, and equipment when working in confined spaces for their increased safety. Worth noting, are the disparate definitions given by OSHA for a ‘permit-required confined space’ and a ‘non-permit required confined space’. Understanding the difference is critical as the safety measures that must be implemented vary as does the consent given for workers to enter these confined spaces. Before moving onto the section on the protective measures that must be employed to reduce the risk of workers succumbing to widespread dangers that exist in a confined space, this article will briefly explain the difference between a ‘permit-required confined space’ and a  ‘non-permit required confined space’. Permit-Required Confined Space OSHA labels some confined spaces as a ‘permit-required confined space’ or a ‘permit space’. To identify if a confined space meets the requirements of a permit space it should satisfy one or more of the following attributes that would hamper an employee’s capability to leave the confined space in an emergency. Have a hazardous atmosphere or the potential for developing a hazardous atmosphere. Be a space that can cause an engulfment hazard due to the type of goods/substances stores in the area (e.g., silos). Be a space that has walls that narrow the open space at the top as they converge inward or have a downward sloping floor leading to a still smaller area. Be a space that is recognized as comprising safety or health hazards for workers (e.g., very hot temperatures, exposed electrical wires, and/or unguarded machinery and equipment. Thus, such permit-required confined spaces require specific and extensive protective measures and employers must develop extensive health and safety policies and protocols before work begins. Employers must develop a Permit-Required Confined Space Program. Workers who are expected to carry out work tasks must first obtain a permit to be able to enter such a confined space before fulfilling their job responsibilities. They must also adhere to the conditions and restrictions as set out by the permit and the related permit space safety plans of their employer. Non-Permit Required Confined Space Confined spaces that do not satisfy any of the four points mention for being designated as a ‘permit-required confined space’ would still be a confined space, but the potential for atmospheric and physical hazards to workers would be lower, and as such fewer protective measures may be required. Workers do not have to obtain a permit before entering such a confined space, and they can enter such confined spaces without any restrictions. However, employers must remember that this space is still a confined space, and safety plans and precautions must be in place for such spaces before workers begin work. Safety Measures for Confined Spaces The Hierarchy of Controls is a good tool to use to ensure worker health and safety when working in confined spaces. The five levels of controls can be used to eliminate or substitute the hazards in a confined space, and if this is not possible (which unfortunately is more common than most of us realize) then employers can use a combination of engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE) to reduce safety risk faced by workers. The following are some protective measures suggested by OSHA’s confined space standard to safeguard workers while they work in confined spaces. These hazard control measures are especially important when the confined space is established as a permit space. Atmosphere Testing and Monitoring Before entering a confined space, it is important to test the atmosphere for the presence of hazardous gases. Testing of the air quality is also important as either low or high levels of oxygens are risky for workers’ health and safety. Depending on the level of toxins in the air, regular monitoring of the atmosphere will also be required as long as workers occupy a confined space. Testing of the atmosphere must be done using different devices as no one device can test for the different types of toxins present in the atmosphere. There are many types of air testing and monitoring devices including combustible gas indicators (CGIs), colorimetric tubes, electrochemical sensors, and other digital devices that help detect different types of toxic gases, oxygen levels, and flammability of the atmosphere. To minimize or remove the toxic atmosphere from confined spaces, and make it safer for worker occupation, methods such as purging, inerting, and ventilation can be used. However, when such actions are taken, employers should ensure that it is done carefully and aligned to stated OSHA guidelines. Furthermore, OSHA also guides on acceptable levels of toxins in the air as well as safe oxygen levels. Isolation This safety measure refers to isolating the hazards or risks from the workers entering the confined space to prevent any physical hazards prevalent in the space. Hence, if the confined space holds electronic, electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic devices; then methods include lockout/tagout, blanking or blinding, double block and bleed procedures, chaining valves, and barricading the space may be used to isolate these hazards and increase worker protection. If the confined space contains chemicals or other hazardous materials, then workers must be given the requisite training on the safe use of such toxic substances and these materials must be stored to reduce the possibility of unintentional spillage. Use of PPE Employers must also supply workers expected to enter and work in confined spaces with the requisite PPE depending on the identified dangers prevalent in the space. Respirators, protective clothes such as overalls, gloves, safety boots, and hard hats; and if working in a confined space at heights then fall protection equipment must also be provided. Workers should also be trained on the proper donning and doffing of PPE and understand the use of PPE, especially when provided with respirators or self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units. Stationing an Attendant at the Entrance to the Confined Space As per regulations, any permit-required confined space must have a full-time attendant outside this space as long as workers (known as entrants) occupy the confined space. Attendants’ duties include monitoring the safety of the entry of workers, monitoring the confined space atmosphere as required, alerting relevant personnel during an emergency, and assisting workers in the confined space during an emergency. Attendants must be given the proper training on the prevailing hazards and rescue and emergency protocols of a confined space. Developing Emergency and Rescue Procedures Employers must have a comprehensive plan in the case of an emergency in a confined space. Details should include what entrants and attendants must do in an emergency as well as the types of rescue operations to be used in different situations. All relevant equipment must be available for use, and all workers working in and around confined spaces must be given adequate training. Training to Safeguard Workers A recurring theme in most of the protective measures was for employers to provide comprehensive training for workers on the myriad aspects of working in confined spaces. While this article provides an overview of the protective measures required for protecting workers expected to enter and work in confined spaces, for in-depth understanding and learning, enroll in our OSHA Confined Space Awareness Training for the construction industry. We also provide this course on-site in person for larger groups. Call us for more information.

HAZMAT and HAZWOPER: What is the Difference? For employers and employees working with hazardous materials, dangerous substances, and other toxic chemicals, HAZMAT and HAZWOPER are important terms to note. Some workers may even use these acronyms interchangeably, which is not accurate. This can cause confusion amongst workers, especially when it comes to fulfilling job training requirements. With the many training courses required by the different agencies and regulatory bodies, choosing the correct training is important but also sometimes complicated for first-time employees working in hazardous waste operations or working with hazardous materials. We will try to de-mystify the terms HAZMAT and HAZWOPER, and also discuss the different online training programs available for employees working with hazardous wastes and hazardous materials. What is HAZWOPER? HAZWOPER stands for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response, a standard developed and managed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The HAZWOPER Standard aims to offer comprehensive guidance on worker safety and health when they handle or use HAZMAT, hazardous waste, or engage in emergency operations related to hazardous waste cleaning. So, essentially, HAZWOPER is the set of rules and regulations that provide guidance on the proper handling, storage, transportation, and clean-up of any type or form of hazardous materials. What is HAZMAT? HAZMAT, however, is an abbreviation commonly used for hazardous material. Sometimes written as HazMat or even hazmat, HAZMAT refers to biological or radiological substances, other toxic chemicals, or even nuclear waste in liquid, solid, gaseous, or any other form that is harmful to the health and safety of people, may cause property damage, or be a risk to the environment. Thus, HAZMAT refers to the hazardous material itself. Having understood the difference between HAZWOPER and HAZMAT, let us consider how workers working in hazardous waste operations and those working with hazardous materials (HAZMAT) should be trained. HAZWOPER Training Requirements As HAZWOPER is an OSHA-developed Standard, it specifies several training requirements for workers employed by hazardous waste site cleanup operations; companies involved in hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD facilities); and emergency response operations involving hazardous substance releases (OSHA, n.d). OSHA has segregated the HAZWOPER training into three major levels and specified a total of 18 training programs for different levels of exposure to hazardous waste as shown below. SECTION (E) SECTION (P) SECTION (Q) Training for general site workers engaged in operations conducted at hazardous waste sites that may or may not expose them to hazardous substances. Training for workers engaged in certain hazardous waste operations conducted under the RCRA and at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities. Training for workers engaged in emergency response operations for release of, or substantial threat of release of, hazardous substances without regard to the location of the hazard. Six (6) HAZWOPER training courses fall under this section. Two (2) HAZWOPER training courses fall under this section. There are 5 levels of emergency responder training and 10 HAZWOPER training courses fall under this section. 1) 40-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Initial 7) 24-hr TSDF Worker (p) – Initial 9) First Responder Awareness – Initial 2) 24-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Initial 8) 8-Hour HAZWOPER (p) – Refresher 10) First Responder Operations – Initial 3) 16-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Upgrade 11) Hazardous Materials Technician – Initial 4) 8-Hour HAZWOPER Supervisor (e) – Initial 12) Hazardous Materials Specialist – Initial 5) 8-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Refresher 13) Incident Commander- Initial 6) 8-Hour HAZWOPER Supervisor (e) – Refresher 14) First Responder Awareness – Refresher 15) First Responder Operations – Refresher 16) Hazardous Materials Technician – Refresher 17) Hazardous Materials Specialist Refresher 18) Incident Commander – Refresher SECTION (E) SECTION (P) SECTION (Q) Training for general site workers engaged in operations conducted at hazardous waste sites that may or may not expose them to hazardous substances. Training for workers engaged in certain hazardous waste operations conducted under the RCRA and at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities. Training for workers engaged in emergency response operations for release of, or substantial threat of release of, hazardous substances without regard to the location of the hazard. Six (6) HAZWOPER training courses fall under this section. Two (2) HAZWOPER training courses fall under this section. There are 5 levels of emergency responder training and 10 HAZWOPER training courses that fall under this section. 1) 40-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Initial 7) 24-hr TSDF Worker (p) – Initial 9) First Responder Awareness – Initial 2) 24-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Initial 8) 8-Hour HAZWOPER (p) – Refresher 10) First Responder Operations – Initial 3) 16-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Upgrade 11) Hazardous Materials Technician – Initial 4) 8-Hour HAZWOPER Supervisor (e) – Initial 12) Hazardous Materials Specialist – Initial 5) 8-Hour HAZWOPER (e) – Refresher 13) Incident Commander- Initial 6) 8-Hour HAZWOPER Supervisor (e) – Refresher 14) First Responder Awareness – Refresher 15) First Responder Operations – Refresher 16) Hazardous Materials Technician – Refresher 17) Hazardous Materials Specialist Refresher 18) Incident Commander – Refresher The most basic of these training programs and one that the majority of workers working for HAZWOPER operations will undoubtedly undergo is the OSHA HAZWOPER 40-Hour initial training course. The other training programs are specific to supervisors, emergency responders, and those working with hazardous materials. Workers are also required to undergo annual HAZWOPER refresher training to ensure their knowledge remains relevant and up-to-date. RCRA Training As hazardous wastes are also under the purview of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the EPA has developed the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to help with the proper management of hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste. The EPA has the authority to control hazardous waste across all stages of existence, from generation through to its treatment, storage, and disposal. In effect, the EPA takes a ‘cradle-to-grave’ approach to hazardous waste management. Thus, employees working in hazardous waste operations must understand and comply with these rules, regulations, and guidelines. Resultantly, there is a dedicated RCRA Hazardous Waste Generator Training and RCRA Hazardous Waste Generator Refresher Training for employees involved in hazardous waste operations. HAZMAT Training As HAZMAT means hazardous materials, is there any specific training that employees must undergo? It is worth noting that any workers working in any industry, including construction, mining, medical, maritime, and shipbuilding; and expected to work with hazardous materials such as asbestos, hydrogen sulfide, silica, lead, bloodborne pathogens, etc., must be trained and aware of the dangers of working with hazardous substances and chemicals as well as methods to reduce exposure. DOT HAZMAT Training Then, there is also DOT HAZMAT training. Sometimes industry professionals may refer to this as HAZMAT training, my omitting ‘DOT’. DOT which is the acronym for the U.S. Department of Transportation has a set of rules and regulations in place for the transportation of hazardous materials by highway, rail, air, or sea. The DOT HAZMAT training gives guidance on how to safely transport hazardous materials in-country as well as the formalities and practices that must be followed when importing and exporting hazardous substances. In effect, the DOT HAZMAT training is function-specific training. Those involved in hazardous waste transport operations must undergo the relevant training to be aware of the relevant regulatory requirements when transporting HAZMAT. Here's the list of DOT Hazmat Transportation Training courses offered by us. The Right Training for the Right Type of Hazardous Work First, it is important to understand the different types of training required by the different governing bodies — OSHA’s HAZWOPER Standard, the EPA’s RCRA, and the DOT. Then, depending on the work being carried out as well as the stage at which the worker is involved when handling hazardous wastes, the correct training course must be chosen. Sometimes, to complete all the diverse training requirements required by various job tasks and job roles, workers may have to undertake multiple training courses This will ensure that training covers diverse topics to be fully conversant with the relevant laws, regulations, guidelines, frameworks, systems, and most importantly, relevant health and safety protocols and procedures. We offer a gamut of HAZWOPER and OSHA-compliant training programs in addition to the RCRA Waste Generator Training courses. Click here for more information.   References OSHA. (n.d). Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). Background. Website. https://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/hazardous-waste-operations